Sociology of Health - 2696 Words

Sociology of Health Author’s Name Institution’s Affiliation Sociology of Health The social perspective in sociology of health explains the societys view concerning health. It is a discipline that describes an illness using social factors present in daily activities of life. Sociologists show how wellness and disease, the treatment and explanation of illness production in a social organization can be understood differently from a medical perspective of nature, biology, and lifestyle in an attempt of explaining sickness (Bahar, 2013). It is a significant facet of interpreting biological information that shows the creation of health and disease in a political, social, and cultural environment. In describing various social phenomena,†¦show more content†¦The state of neutrality characterizes this relationship (Rogers, 2011). In return for compliance, the patient gets medical care through the doctor’s right to diagnose, examine, and treat. The example occurs when a patient comes to hospital and cooperates with the physician during the medical examinat ion till the very treatment. Sick people regard a disease as the issue that makes one seek medical help granting the access to the sick role. The patient’s compliance guarantees medical care in which both parties benefit on a neutral ground. According to Goold and Lipkin (1999), the doctor-patient relationship is essential in care. It forms the medium of data gathering, making diagnoses and plans, compliance achievement, healing and core in patient support and activation. In the health care system, the doctor-patient relationship is the market’s practicality of satisfaction, in which the patient makes some decisions on whether to stay with the particular service or not (Goold amp; Lipkin, 1999). The connection is an important facet of the healthcare industry in the delivery of quality health care. Goold and Lipkin (1999) describe the communication between doctors and their patients as a whole science incorporating philosophy and sociological aspects in system encounters guiding decision making. It is an area of modern sociology in the medical field that influences medical practitioners to be more effective and efficient in care delivery. Cockerham (2007) describesShow MoreRelatedThe Sociology Of Health And Illness1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthat Medical sociology or the sociology of health and illness is majorly based on the empiricist philosophy which uses the measurement of objectives for quantitative change. Lupton (2012) traces that early in its development, medical sociology inherited rationalist approach for its acceptance as semi-scientific methodology and by virtue of which is considered as a component of social medicine rather than critical sociology and the consequentRead MoreSociology Of Health And Illness2519 Words   |  11 PagesSOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS This study is based on a newspaper article about obesity and how the National Health Service (NHS) will offer free cookery classes in war on the obesity crisis to overweight and obese families as well as doctors and nurses (Donnelly, 2015). The World Health Organisation (2015) has classed obesity as a worldwide epidemic that has seen numbers double since the 1980’s. The WHO (2015) define obesity as an individual having a Body Mass Index equal or higher than 30 andRead MoreThe Sociology Of Health And Mental Illness3181 Words   |  13 PagesDissertation Supervisor: Professor Paul Higgs Submitted: Tuesday, 13 January 2015 A Tale of Two Asylums: Reviewing the context and influences of two theorists, Michel Foucault and Erving Goffman, on the sociology of health and mental illness. Word count: 3,132 John Goulder! 1 ï ¿ ¼Introduction: Mental Health as Disparate Social Object Antipsychiatry was as much a cultural phenomenon as an academic or institutional one. Whilst the work of Laing (1960) and Szasz (1960) can be rooted in the Fruedo-Marxist ‘methodologicalRead MoreEssay on Sociology of Health and Medicine1947 Words   |  8 Pagespresented by individuals whom discuss their health concern in a narrative concept. The chosen concern and debate in health and medicine that has been chosen for this discussion is the narrative analysis of the link between marijuana use and work/school performance, which was produced by Moravek, Johnson Dunlap (2007). Through this enriched understanding of the importance, value and meaning of narrative analysis, the effects of this concern of health and medicine are much easily grasped. In thisRead MoreMajor Sociology Of Health And Aging1994 Words   |  8 Pageschose to major in sociology of health and aging is because I was always really interested in the definition of health. How is health defined within and betwe en cultures? Is there a universal definition of health and if so who gets to create said definition. As I become more and more involved in this idea of health I found it to be socially constructed depending on the culture on belongs too. There is no one definition for even within a specific culture an individual’s health is changing over timeRead MoreEssay on Understanding the Sociology of Health1980 Words   |  8 Pages Health can be defined in three different ways; negatively, positively and holistically as well as contextually, that will differ from person to person. The English word for health is derived from the old English word ‘hale’ meaning â€Å"Wholeness and wellness†, in this essay I will be exploring the different definitions, views and models of health. The World Health organization defines health as â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence ofRead MoreHealth: Sociology and Social Care9095 Words   |  37 PagesHNC/D Health and Social Care ------------------------------------------------- UNIT DIRECTORY Unit title: COMMUNICATING IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE ORGANISATIONS Unit code: T/601/1560 Level: 4 Credit value: 15 ------------------------------------------------- AIMS The aim of this unit is to develop learners’ awareness of different forms of communication used in health and social care settings and its importance for effective service delivery. UNIT ABSTRACT Read MoreSociology Inequalities in Health and Illness2621 Words   |  11 PagesTask 3 – Inequalities in Health and Illness (P3,M2,D1) Gender (P3) - Mortality rates: In gender men generally die earlier than women because of many aspects of their life, for instance in general women tend to take care of them self more physically. A lot of women go on diets and a lot of exercise DVDs and detunes are mainly aimed at women. Women in general do try to eat healthy and go on diets whereas men usually arent very aware of their diet and don’t have much intention on improving it. WomenRead MoreTacot Parsons’s Contribution to the Sociology of Health Essay2211 Words   |  9 PagesIn this essay I would analyse the concept of health and illness, I would critically examines the contribution of Parsons Theory to health and illness and the criticisms of Parsons model of sick role. In addition, the paper will discuss inequality in health and the findings of black report. I would also discuss sickle cell disease and coronary heart disease. Talcott Parsons has revolutionised the way to deal with the disease and he structured his ideas in to practice and interlink with core issuesRead MoreNursing Sociology : How Class Affects Health Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: How Socio Economic Class Affects Health. Module : SHN 123 Word Count: 2118 Student Number : 558601 Inequalities in health between social groups have long been a dominant feature of British Society. Evidence suggests that people in the lower social scale suffer from ill health more than the middle and upper classes. This essay aims to address the reasons for this trend by primarily looking at evidence found in the Black Report, Acheson Report and the Marmot Review and by evaluating the

The Soviets Fault For Causing The Cold War Essay

There are several who have a different approach of whether it’s the U.S or the Soviets’ fault for causing the Cold War. In reality, they have always had clashing ideologies and different structures of government that have played a major role in leading them to embark upon such a distrustful relationship. Furthermore, the Soviets distrusted the U.S way before WWII when they intervened in the Russian Civil War and didn’t recognize the Soviet Union until 1933. As a result, during and after WWII, the Soviets were determined to dominate European countries with their own political agenda to become the hegemonic power and believed the U.S. had the same motive. However, the U.S was more eager on protecting these Eastern countries from communist influence and sustaining stability throughout these regions. Despite the U.S’s effort to come to a mutual agreement with the Soviets after the war at the Yalta Conference, tension has gradually progressed throughout the yea rs that led to an even further separation between the two leading powers (Doc H). In addition to, the Soviets disregarded the compromises made at the Yalta Conference to have free and fair elections in Europe, instead creating a buffer in Eastern Europe, settling Soviet satellites. By committing such actions, the U.S automatically became suspicious and concluded that the Soviets were ultimately compelled to spread communism. The U.S further distrusted the Soviets when they secretly signed the Nonaggression Pact withShow MoreRelatedWas President Truman Responsible for the Cold War? Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesinto office right at the end of World War II, after the death of President Franklin Roosevelt. 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As a result, during and after WWII, the Soviets were determined to dominate EuropeanRead MoreWho Was to Blame for the Cold War? Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War? The blame for the Cold War cannot be placed on one person -- it developed as a series of chain reactions as a struggle for supremacy. It can be argued that the Cold War was inevitable, and therefore no ones fault, due to the differences in the capitalist and communist ideologies. It was only the need for self-preservation that had caused the two countries to sink their differences temporarily during the Second World War. Yet many of the tensions that existed in the Cold War canRead MoreCulture And Ideologies Shape Relationships1567 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences between civilizations rather than ideological differences would be the primary source of global conflict in the post-cold war. This essay will focuses on the argument in Huntington’s book about how it presents the world, the problem and the proposal for a solution. In The Clash of civilizations Huntington argued that the future conflict would be different in the Post-Cold war era. In which different ideologies would not be the main reason for world problem but instead it would be because of theRead MoreDr. Strangelove s Argument For The 1964 Film Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesof Liberal Consensus, its attack on â€Å"crackpot realism† and critique of life in the 1960s Cold War era, and finally its paradoxical revolution that sets an example for other films to come after. The Ideology of Liberal Consensus according to Maland was explained as the United States’ structure of society as being basically sound. This would stand for a capitalistic and democratic society as opposed to the Soviet Union’s communist or state-capitalist economy and governmental structure. 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The recent turmoil in the Ukraine has brought up a lot of issues remembered in the cold war. Russia Annexing the crimean peninsula from the Ukraine scaring western powers, specifically the United States, into the old policy of Soviet containment and using any means to put negatives towards the â€Å"eastern block† preventing the spread of its influence. Although the United States and it NATO/European Union currentRead MoreCold War Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesForeign Relations, Volume II. Gaddis, John Lewis, Two Cold War Empires: Imposition vs. Multilateralism, in Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, Volume II The Cold War was the longest war in which the United States has ever partaken and is the only war that involved little to no fighting. After researching the events, reading historical opinions, and listening to lectures in class, I have come to the realization that the war was just an exaggerated argument between two neighbors over

Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Development. Answer: Introduction Managing work priorities is essential for the employees that can be achieved by maintain proper balance both personally and professionally. As commented by Groysberg and Abrahams (2014), personal and professional balance helps the individuals in achieving targets along with developing their skills throughout the career. Therefore, both the employee and the organizational performance are enhanced due to proper management of work priorities. This report highlights the future actions that can be used by individuals for both personal and professional development. The report highlights setting of goals and aligning them to the business goals along with managing time and prioritizing work activities. Additionally, the report emphasizes of identifying development opportunities thereby, maintaining professional competence. As a manager of the organization, my role is to willingly examine and prepare the skills and goals. This will help in staying in the right track by considering the professional development. As a manager, I need to ask myself whether I have the skills or attitude for the role allocated for me. My role as a manager includes: Appropriate planning and time management Ensuring systematic work and being organized Providing the employees with appropriate resources and performance management Monitoring the code of conduct and employee performance Maintaining confidentiality of the companys information Reporting the senior management of the company The business goals of the organization include: Increase profitability Increasing employee retention Increased organizational efficiency Organizational growth The organizational policies include: Ensuring confidentiality Access and equity Codes of conduct Risk management Human resources Health and safety The organizational procedures include: Employee incident response, reporting and investigation Service access Alcohol consumption in workplace Client documentation and records Code of conduct Discipline and termination Equal employment opportunity Staff meetings including meetings for staff supervision The list of organizational policies, procedures and plans are developed based on which the role and responsibilities of the manager is developed. This provides an opportunity for the managers to achieve the organizational goals by increasing the employee and organizational performance. Establish five personal and team goals The team goals include: To achieve maximum customer service To help the HR and the IT department in continuing recruitment procedure effectively To organize meetings with the internal and external stakeholders in order to gain deeper insight of the present business requirement To complete the tasks undertaken within deadline and being organized The personal goals include: To increase the morale of the team To complete the tasks and goals I have set for myself thereby, increasing the profit of all departments by 60% Establish effective communication within the team As commented by Davila, Epstein and Shelton (2012), setting goals help the business organizations to increase the overall profitability of the organizations. The goals set by the organization have to be specific, measurable, attainable, and realistic and time specific. According to McGivern et al. (2015), having set goal provides an opportunity for the business organizations to move forward and gain competitive advantage. Goals help in ensuring internal measurement by enhancing the morale of the employees. It is effective for the business organizations to set goals, as it helps in organizational progress. This is because goal settings provide a sense of purpose and direction towards which the organization and the employees move. The SMART framework is one of the best frameworks that need to be considered while developing goals and objectives. As mentioned by Galea, Houkes and De Rijk (2014), developing personal and professional goal setting ensures both personal and professional prog ress. Having goals provided a direction to the organization and the individual thereby, allowing them to develop strategies to work towards it by developing appropriate strategies. Developing KPIs for measuring performance related to work goals Business organizations develop key performance indicators in order to determine the performance of the employees and the organizations thereby, enhancing the overall performance. As commented by Parmenter (2015), based on the type of the business, the KPI developed is distinct thereby, helping in effective performance indicator. The different types of key performance indicators include sales metrics KPI, marketing metrics KPI, financial metrics KPI and supply chain metrics KPI. According to Neiger et al. (2012), KPI help in assisting the business organizations in defining and measuring the progress simultaneously in order to achieve the organizational goals and objectives. Additionally, KPI also helps the business organizations remaining on track and attaining the beneficial outcome. For example, a certain instances KPIs are used in projects in order to measure the delivery of the service. As mentioned by Wu (2012), effective and successful performance is dined when the goals are achieved efficiently. Therefore, it is essential for me to maintain personal performances in varying working conditions and contingencies. According to me, five major steps help in maintaining performance under any working conditions and contingencies. The following steps can be followed in order to maintain performance under varying conditions and contingencies: Step 1: Identifying the available time for completing the task Step 2: Listing the essential tasks that needs to be conducted in order to complete the task successfully Step 3: Scheduling the high priority urgent tasks in order to ensure progress for the goal Step 4: Blocking appropriate contingency time in order to develop the ability to handle unpredictable situations Step 5: In the remaining time, scheduling the activities that address my priorities and personal goals Activities for achieving the goals related to work A wide range of activities needs to be planned and conducted in an organized manner in order to achieve the goals or objectives successfully. As commented by Koerner (2014), an action plan or strategy needs to be developed in order to proceed towards the goal. The range of activities to advance work goals include making a list, having clear objectives, reviewing daily, daily to-do list, long terms and short term goals, specific action plans, effective communication and time management. Additionally, having a realistic and measurable approach also helps in advancing the work goals (Kath et al. 2013). Within the range of activities that needs to be undertaken to complete the tasks successfully, the ones with top priority includes having clear set of objectives, maintaining a daily check list, developing short term goals, time management and maintaining an effective communication. As mentioned by Bakker, Tims and Derks (2012), having a clear set of objectives helps the individuals in st rategizing appropriately to achieve the goal. Therefore, one of the significant responsibilities of the manager is to have a clear objective and communicate it effectively to the team members. Effective communication helps in clear flow of information within the team thereby, making it easy to track the progress and communication among the team members. Additionally, effective communication also helps in building a strong relationship within the team members that eventually makes it easier to achieve the goals (Shockley-Zalabak 2014). Time management is a crucial aspect as this helps in appropriate planning by allocating time for the short-term goals. Achieving the short-term goals successfully motivates the team members thereby, ensuring dedication and enthusiasm to accomplish the goal successfully. The two work goals that needs to be achieved are: To achieve maximum customer service To complete the tasks undertaken within deadline and being organized Work activity Description Goal/s KPIs Time frame Person responsible Time management Effective communication Creating short-term goals Maintaining a daily check list Improving customer service. Developing strategies Evaluating the current market trend and customer demands To increase the customer service by 20% Overall satisfaction of the customers (Customer satisfaction Score) Net Promoter Score (NPS) First response time Customer retention rate SERVQUAL Within 6 months The management The manager The employees Time management Effective communication Being organized Reviewing daily work Maintaining a daily to-do check list Arranging meetings daily Effective communication within the team members Organizing training Maintaining a daily to-do list To complete the tasks undertaken within deadline and being organized Alignment between internal and external goals SMART objectives r goals SMARTER objectives and goals Within 2 months since the initiation of the project The team members The manager Ensuring a positive role model by managing life balance, stress and health There is no agreed definition of work-life balance but it does appear that the right balance for one person may differ from the next. Balance is achieved in different ways for different people. Some people do it to balance their caring responsibilities for children with work, while others want more time to themselves, engaging in leisure activities. Effectiveness and efficiency are likely to improve if an individual maintain an appropriate work-life balance and control stress levels. Reducing stress, allows a person to manage better your energy and efficiency. Increased concentration and a less stressed workforce ensures increased productivity. Work-life balance, in its broadest sense, is defined as a satisfactory level of involvement or fit between the multiple roles in a persons life (Darcy et al. 2012). Work-life balance for any one person is having the right combination of participation in paid work (defined by hours and working conditions) and other aspects of their lives. This combination will change as people move through life and have changing responsibilities and commitments in their work and personal lives. Work-life balance policies can assist employees achieving the balance between their work and personal commitments that is right for them. The policies need to be supported by the workplace culture, which reflects the beliefs, values and norms of the whole of the organisation from the CEO to staff members. Other important factors in the success of work-life balance policies include proper communication of commitment to the policies to existing and future employees, raising awareness of the policies, education of managers about the importance of policies, and training of managers on how to implement these policies (Sortheix and Lonnqvist 2014). To ensure the maintenance of organisational standards, take steps to monitor and assess individual performance. Utilise individual job description, duty statement or statement of conduct and performance appraisal as a tool to measure your professional competency. These documents can assist an individual in determining your level of personal knowledge and skills. They will help the individual prioritise the activities to ensure that the work is done efficiently and effectively (Kunter et al. 2013). It is important that the individuals also take steps to monitor their performance. Competency standards can be used to measure the level of your performance. A competency standard is a document used as a frame of reference by your employer to determine how they expect the job and the performance of the job to be done and to determine how competent an individual is at their job. Competency standards aim to ensure that the individual can perform at a specified minimal level. Nationally endorsed units of competency consistent with work requirements, these are recognised nationwide and service as a basis for assessment and the issue of formal qualifications ? Enterprise-specific units of competency consistent with work requirements Organisational standards that are in-house and specific to your employer In-house standards are developed to ensure you meet the minimal level for your employer. If you identify weaknesses in competency standards, corrective action should be taken to address the issue. Assessing professional competencies Performance can be measured in several different ways including: Observing peoples reactions to you - For interpersonal relations and to reinforce individual as position as a role model, take the time to observe whether personnel react to the person in a positive manner. Particular attention should be paid to others body language (Rudd et al. 2014). Do people ask for your opinion? - If no one asks for the opinion of an individual, a red flag should be raised. The individual have either intimidated them and dont feel they can approach you or they do not respect your opinion. Do not make assumptions. Gather feedback to find out the actual situation (Moen et al. 2013). Exposure to other members of management - Communication is a two way process. Understand what other members of management think about your skills and knowledge. Observe their skills and knowledge to assist you in identifying ways in which you can improve your own personal skills and knowledge (Moreland, Levine and Wingert 2013). Identify what skills, knowledge and behaviours are required for you to do your job well: At this stage, it is also worth thinking about the skills, knowledge and behaviours that you may need to develop in the future in your current job. The individual may know, for example, that the role will be changing or that the individual will be working on different projects or that the individual is interested in a career change. What new or different skills, knowledge and behaviours will the individual need? Go back to the life or career goals to include in your development plan (Cottrell 2015). Look at the skills, knowledge and behaviours you actually have now: It is important to ask some rigorous questions at this stage and answer honestly. Are there areas of work, for example, where developing more confidence would make a real difference to individual success in the job? Are there knowledge, skills and behaviours that individual only need on occasion that would benefit from some development (Todd and Binns 2013). Compare actual with required to identify the gaps: Try to be as specific as possible about what the individuals need to do differently. This will really help the individuals when deciding how to address the development needs in the best way possible. It will also help the individual review and measure their success. Decide how to meet identified needs: The next step is how best to address the development needs you have identified. Practicalities ? How do I prefer to learn? Finding the best solution Where to go for more help Developing professional development plans Time frame Description of opportunity/ training Skills/ competency to develop Within 6 months Communicating with team members daily Working on both verbal and non-verbal communication Patiently listening to the team members Keeping aside personal agenda Effective communication Within 3 months Maintaining a daily to-do list Following up with the team members Allocating specific time for each task Writing the progress daily Time management Conclusion In this report, it can be concluded that it is essential to manage personal work priorities in order to ensure professional development. Managing personal and professional work effectively helps in successful completion of work thereby, ensuring accomplishment of goals. As a manager, it is essential to influence the employees along with fulfilling the professional responsibilities successfully at work. This helps in enhancing the overall performance of the organization and the team members. In order to achieve the organizational goals successful, it is essential to emphasize on effective communication, time management, having clear set of objectives, prioritizing the tasks along with maintaining a daily commotion checklist. This helps in keeping track of the progress of the project and predict the future of the project. References Bakker, A.B., Tims, M. and Derks, D., 2012. Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Human relations, 65(10), pp.1359-1378. Cottrell, S., 2015. Skills for success: Personal development and employability. Palgrave Macmillan. Darcy, C., McCarthy, A., Hill, J. and Grady, G., 2012. Worklife balance: One size fits all? An exploratory analysis of the differential effects of career stage. European Management Journal, 30(2), pp.111-120. Davila, T., Epstein, M. and Shelton, R., 2012. Making innovation work: How to manage it, measure it, and profit from it. FT press. Galea, C., Houkes, I. and De Rijk, A., 2014. An insider's point of view: how a system of flexible working hours helps employees to strike a proper balance between work and personal life. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), pp.1090-1111. Groysberg, B. and Abrahams, R., 2014. Manage your work, manage your life. Harvard Business Review, 92(3), pp.58-66. Kath, L.M., Stichler, J.F., Ehrhart, M.G. and Sievers, A., 2013. Predictors of nurse manager stress: a dominance analysis of potential work environment stressors. International journal of nursing studies, 50(11), pp.1474-1480. Koerner, M.M., 2014. Courage as identity work: Accounts of workplace courage. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), pp.63-93. Kunter, M., Klusmann, U., Baumert, J., Richter, D., Voss, T. and Hachfeld, A., 2013. Professional competence of teachers: Effects on instructional quality and student development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(3), p.805. McGivern, G., Currie, G., Ferlie, E., Fitzgerald, L. and Waring, J., 2015. HYBRID MANAGERPROFESSIONALS'IDENTITY WORK: THE MAINTENANCE AND HYBRIDIZATION OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALISM IN MANAGERIAL CONTEXTS. Public Administration, 93(2), pp.412-432. Moen, P., Lam, J., Ammons, S. and Kelly, E.L., 2013. Time work by overworked professionals: Strategies in response to the stress of higher status. Work and Occupations, 40(2), pp.79-114. Moreland, R.L., Levine, J.M. and Wingert, M.L., 2013. Creating the ideal group: Composition effects at work. Understanding group behavior, 2, pp.11-35. Neiger, B.L., Thackeray, R., Van Wagenen, S.A., Hanson, C.L., West, J.H., Barnes, M.D. and Fagen, M.C., 2012. Use of social media in health promotion: purposes, key performance indicators, and evaluation metrics. Health promotion practice, 13(2), pp.159-164. Parmenter, D., 2015. Key performance indicators: developing, implementing, and using winning KPIs. John Wiley Sons. Rudd, M.A., Ankley, G.T., Boxall, A. and Brooks, B.W., 2014. International scientists' priorities for research on pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment. Integrated environmental assessment and management, 10(4), pp.576-587. Shockley-Zalabak, P., 2014. Fundamentals of organizational communication. Pearson. Sortheix, F.M. and Lnnqvist, J.E., 2014. Personal value priorities and life satisfaction in Europe: The moderating role of socioeconomic development. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(2), pp.282-299. Todd, P. and Binns, J., 2013. Worklife balance: is it now a problem for management?. Gender, Work Organization, 20(3), pp.219-231. Wu, H.Y., 2012. Constructing a strategy map for banking institutions with key performance indicators of the balanced scorecard. Evaluation and Program Planning, 35(3), pp.303-320.

Quebec Essays (1096 words) - Politics Of Quebec, Quebec,

Quebec Quebec's Quiet revolution: What is it? How has it changed Quebec's society? How has it affected Confederation? The English-French relations have not always been easy. Each is always arguing and accusing the other of wrong doings. All this hatred and differences started in the past, and this Quiet revolution, right after a new Liberal government led by Jean Lesage came in 1960. Thus was the beginning of the Quiet Revolution. Lesage had an excellent team of cabinet ministers which included Rene Levesque. The Liberals promised to do two things during the Quiet Revolution; one was to improve economic and social standards for the people of Quebec, and the other was to win greater respect and recognition for all the French people of Canada. The Liberals started a program to take control of hydro-electric power companies. French-Canadian engineers from all over Canada returned to Quebec to work on the project. Slogans during these times were "we can do it" and "masters in our own homes". T he government also started to replace programs the Church previously ran, which included hospital insurance, pension schemes and the beginning of Medi-Care. For these programs, the Quebec Liberals had to struggle with Ottawa for a larger share of the tax dollars. One of the greatest reforms was the modernization of the entire school system. The Church used to own the schools of Quebec. Most of the teachers were Priests, Nuns and Brothers. They provided a good education but Quebec needed more in business and technology. Lesage wanted a government-run school system that would provide Quebec with people in engineering, science, business and commerce. With the new freedom of expression, lots of books, plays and music about French culture were all developed in Quebec. French contemporary playwrights were very famous during that time. However, not all was going well in Quebec. The French-English relation was going bad. Many studies showed that French-Canadian Quebecers were earning the lo west wage in all of the ethnic groups in Canada. Other complaints were that the top jobs in Quebec were given to English speaking Canadians. Canada was going through the worst crisis in its history, and unless equal partnership was found a break-up would likely happen. Some Quebecers thought that separation was the only solution. They thought that as long as Quebec was associated with the rest of Canada, French-Canadians would never be treated equal. The FLQ (Front De Lib?ration Du Qu?bec) was founded in 1963. It was a smaller, more forceful group of separatists. They were a collection of groups of young people whose idea was to use terrorism to achieve independence for Quebec. The ALQ (L'Arm?e de Lib?ration de Quebec) was even more of a violent separatist group. Some of their actions included robbing banks in order to get money. For their ammunition they had to raid arms depots of the Canadian Armed Forces. There were many Federalists that believed that separatism had no future and that French-Canadians could play a role in a bi-lingual Canada. There were three Quebec men that believed in Federalism. These men were Liberals and their names were Pierre Trudeau, Jean Marchand and G?rard Pelletier. The President of France, General De Gaulle came to Quebec in 1967 and gave speeches to separatist groups that deemed him an enthusiast of the thoughts of the separatists in the struggle to fight for the liberation of Quebec. The Prime Minister at the time, Lester B. Pearson, criticized De Gaulle's remarks and said that Quebec belonged to Canada and there was no need for their liberation. In 1970, British Trade Commissioner James R. Cross was kidnapped by FLQ and wanted in return for Cross, 23 political prisoners. Quebec Labour Minister, Pierre Laporte was also kidnapped which started a Quebec crisis. After a few months Cross returned when Laporte was assassinated. The Quebec crisis ended several years of violence in Quebec. This crisis made many Quebecers upset becaus e Ottawa sent the army into Quebec. Therefore English-French turmoil did not end. Rene Levesque was a leader who became very popular in Quebec with his views on independence. In 1976, Rene Levesque and the Parti Quebecois won the Provincial election. Now many Quebecers thought he could build up Quebec. Since many French

Compare and contrast the Demographic Transition of one MEDC and one LEDC Essays

Compare and contrast the Demographic Transition of one MEDC and one LEDC Essays Compare and contrast the Demographic Transition of one MEDC and one LEDC Paper Compare and contrast the Demographic Transition of one MEDC and one LEDC Paper Essay Topic: Zone One The two countries that Im going to compare and contrast their Demographic Transitions with each other are England and Wales, being the MECD, and Sri Lanka, being the LECD. Differences The main difference between the two demographic transitions is that the demographic transition for Sri Lanka is entirely a twentieth century occurrence. The data starts at 1911 1920 where the demographic transition for England and Wales starts at 1651 1680. This is a lot earlier. The CDR in England and Wales started to fall a long time before the CDR started to fall in Sri Lanka, it was about 1810 when England and Wales crude death rates started to fall and although you cant be sure exactly when Sri Lankas started to fall it was nearly 100 yrs after. There is also a difference with when the CBR started to decline. With England and Wales it started in about 1891, whereas in Sri Lanka it didnt start to drop until the 1950s. One more difference is that at the present time, England and Wales are in stage 4 of the Demographic Transition, where Sri Lanka is still in stage 3. I think that the further along in the demographic transition a country is, is a sign to show how developed that certain country is. Another difference is that the time that it has taken for both these countries to go through stage 2 and 3 of the demographic transition is different. England and Wales started stage 2 in 1770 and finished stage 3 in about 1950, just under 200 years, whereas Sri Lanka only took about 100 years. Similarities The first similarities that I spotted are that even though they are both in different stages, the stages are very similar. This is shown in stage 2 of both countries where the CBR stays high and the CDR is falling. This is also true of stage 3 in each where the CBR is falling and the CDR is levelling off. Due to the decline in death rate and the birth rate staying as it is, then both countries will find an increase in population. Although this happens at different times. Reasons for Differences and similarities The reason that England and Wales CDR fell a lot earlier than Sri Lanka is because a number of reasons, theses are: Improved sanitation and hygiene brought into all urban areas by the government. This included thing such as covered sewers, water closets and means of sanitary water supply. Public health acts in 1872 and 1875 also helped, inspectors were also brought in for hygiene. Improved food supply brought about by major innovations such as crop rotation, land draining and new farm machinery. With the improvements of communications it also became easier to transport the food to areas of shortage. Reduced impact of infectious disease also helped to lower the CDR. There were many medical advances that made a difference practically in the late 19th century after the national heath service was started in 1946. Whereas in Sri Lanka the CDR fell because of some different reasons, these are: There was control of Malaria brought in which contributed 25-40% of all mortality declines. This wasnt started until 1947 when a DDT scheme got under way. There was better health care brought in, between 1938-48 the number of hospitals doubled from 115 to 246. There was an increase in foreign aid, which also boosted the health care in the country. Growth in the economy took place between1947-52 due to a rise in price for plantation products, which resulted in a higher budget for health care. Once that malaria had been brought under control, zones that once couldnt be farmed due to the malaria before could now be used and this provided more nutrition, thus decreasing CDR in the country. The reason why England and Wales CBR fell before Sri Lankas can once again be split up into smaller reasons, theses are: In 1842 all women and children were excluded from the mines and by 1906 no children under the age of 11 were working. This combined with the compulsory education act of 1867 meant that children were no longer seen as an economic asset. Economic changes such as more women entering work and thus not having children. The growth of ideas such as the publishing of leaflets about contraception also contributed to the decline in CBR. Also the availability of the contraception made a difference. The decline in mortality had an effect also. As more children survived, women needed to have fewer births to achieve the same family size. This is just some of the main similarities and differences between a MEDC and a LEDC, there are many more smaller ones as well as what Ive already put.

Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples

Displacement Reaction Definition and Examples A displacement reaction is a type of reaction where part of one reactant is replaced by another reactant.  A displacement reaction is also known as a replacement reaction or a metathesis reaction.  There are two types of displacement reactions: Single Displacement Reactions Single displacement reactions are reactions where one reactant replaces part of the other.AB C → AC B An example is the reaction between iron and copper sulfate to produce iron sulfate and copper: Fe CuSO4 → FeSO4 Cu Here, both iron and copper have the same valence. One metal cation takes the place of the other bonding to the sulfate anion. Double Displacement Reactions Double displacement reactions are reactions where the cations and anions in the reactants switch partners to form products.AB CD → AD CB An example is the reaction between silver nitrate and sodium chloride to form silver chloride and sodium nitrate: AgNO3 NaCl → AgCl NaNO3

Cultural Diversity in the Nursing Profession Essay

Cultural Diversity in the Nursing Profession - Essay Example There has been in fact a rising practice of what has been termed as "medical tourism" because of the rise in number of people getting more health conscious, seeking alternative ways of improving one's health. The American Nursing Association (ANA) recognizes the vital role knowledge on cultural diversity plays at all levels of nursing practice. When dealing with patients, nurses involve themselves in an interaction of 3 cultural systems: (1) the culture of the nurse; (2) the culture of the client; (3) the culture of the setting. This happens because the nursing profession has gone global, involving health care delivery by people of varied nationality and various cultures (ANA, 1991). With the growing global population composed of multi-cultural oriented people, an ethnocentric approach to nursing practice is no longer advisable. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to all others. This belief is common to all cultural groups; all groups regard their own culture as not only the best but also the correct, moral, and only way of life (ANA, 1991). Thus, it is important for nurses to understand various cultures as part of their training. ... e 2008 Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life survey on religious landscape of the United States shows that religious affiliation of the people in the US "are very diverse and fluid" (Pew Forum, 2008). This has significant implication on the nursing profession with religion as a vital component of culture. There are various religious groups around the world. Of particular interest is the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC) in the Philippines which comprise almost 3% of the total population (NSO, 1990). Founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo, INC considers itself the "true" Filipino church (Harper, 2001). Among the doctrines it preaches to its members are: (a) there is only one God (as opposed to Christianity's Trinitarian view) and that Jesus Christ is a created being; (b) salvation is dependent on church membership, baptism and works; (c) its founder, Felix Manalo, is regarded as the "angel from the East" (mentioned in Revelation 7) sent by God bringing the final message. From only four ministers and 12 disciples when it was founded on the eve of the World War I, membership grew steadily and by the 1950s, the church was recruiting from 10,000 to 15,000 converts a year. The 1990 Census of Population and Housing places the number of Iglesia members at 1.4 million, three times more than its membership in 1970 (Mangahas, 2002). The INC has members among overseas Filipinos as well and says it has churches in 66 countries, including 39 in the United States, 23 in Asia, 15 in Europe, 11 in Australia and Oceania, and eight in Africa (Mangahas and Olarte, 2002). Over the years, the INC's business interests have grown. A search at the Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission showed that INC leaders are incorporators and board directors in companies engaged in education; medical care,

Teamwork Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teamwork - Coursework Example Resistance to the approach may be due to the struggle over control of the leadership of the group, which may be due to divergent opinions or challenging the decisions made by the team leader (Cragan 78). Another reason for resistance may be due to hostile leadership where the team leader either may be racist, sexist or practices various discriminatory practices. Resistance in the form of a bid to control the team in terms of ideas may be dealt with by brainstorming of opinions shared by the team players and accommodating everyone’s opinion. Hostile leadership can be controlled by action from all the team players as opposed to the challenger and the team leader holding a private dialogue. Experts view teams as means, not an end in that they view the team as a way of achieving the vision of the organization. An end is described as the goal of the organization where the teams created are deemed as a way of achieving the vision and not the vision itself. Companies that focus on creating teams as opposed to achieving its goals is bound to collapse if the strategy is not looked into (Means 56). A company should focus on the ultimate aim of attaining its goals, which may be achieved by formation of teams among other strategies (Rothstein 100). It is important that team members analyze their team role at their work place, their contribution and whether or not they are comfortable with their specific position. The roles of team players may be categorized into task roles, nurturing roles and dysfunctional roles. One can become a better team member by understanding their responsibility and understanding that the decisions that they make affect the overall performance of the team. The concept of self-management of employees is highly successful in organizations where the decision-making by employees is embraced (Cheltenham 60). Self-managed groups are held

Social Justice Essay Example for Free

Social Justice Essay Social justice is defined as justice exercised within a society, particularly as it is exercised by and among the various social classes of that society. A socially just society is defined by its advocates and practitioners as being based on the principles of equality and solidarity; this pedagogy also maintains that the socially just society both understands and values human rights, as well as recognizing the dignity of every human being.[1][2] The Constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. [3]Furthermore, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of the human rights education.[4] The term and modern concept of social justice was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 byAntonio Rosmini-Serbati.[1][2][5][6][7] The phrase has taken on a very controverted and variable meaning, depending on who is using it. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, the Protestants Social Gospel, and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Partyupheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on theleft of the political spectrum. - Theories of social justice [edit]Social justice from religious traditions [edit]Judaism Main article: Tikkun olam In To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility, Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place inJudaism. One of Judaism’s most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha(gladness or joy), tzedakah (the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts), chesed (deeds of kindness), andtikkun olam (repairing the world). Christianity Catholicism Main article: Catholic social teaching Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the collective aspect of humanity. A distinctive feature of the Catholic social doctrine is their concern for the poorest members of society. Two of the seven key areas[8] of Catholic social teaching are pertinent to social justice: * Life and dignity of the human person: The foundational principle of all Catholic Social Teaching is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person. Human life must be valued above all material possessions. * Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable: Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy: Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me.[9] The Catholic Church believes that through words, prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with, and compassion for, the poor. The moral tes t of any society is how it treats its most vulnerable members. The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation. People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor.[10] Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine, social justice appeared regularly in the history of the Catholic Church: * The term social justice was adopted by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He wrote extensively in his journal Civiltà   Cattolica, engaging both capitalist and socialist theories from a natural law viewpoint. His basic premise was that the rival economic theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics; neither the liberal capitalists nor the communists concerned themselves with public moral philosophy. * Pope Leo XIII, who studied under Taparelli, published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of the Working Classes), rejecting both socialism and capitalism, while defending labor unions and private property. He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not class conflict and competition. In this document, Leo set out the Catholic Churchs response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism. The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights, while the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony. * The encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally in the fortieth year) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI, encourages a living wage, subsidiarity, and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just. * Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching, penning three encyclicals which would deal with issues such as economics, politics, geo-political situations, ownership of the means of production, private property and the social mortgage, and private property. The encyclicals of Laborem Exercens, Solicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice. Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights, and spoke forcefully for the poor. He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused, and admits a fear that the progress of the world is not true progress at all, if it should denigrate the value of the human person. * Pope Benedict XVIs encyclical Deus Caritas Est (God is Love) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics, and not of the church, which has charity as its central social concern. It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the churchs active role in social justice should be to inform the debate, using reason and natural law, and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics. * The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, published in 2004 and updated in 2006, by the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax. Methodism From its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under John Wesleys direction, Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day, including the prison reform andabolitionism movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition.[11][12][13] Today, social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says, it is a governmental responsibility to provide all citizens with health care.[14] The United Methodist Church also teaches Population control as part of its doctrine.[15] Hinduism Ancient Hindu society was based on equality of all beings. However, to divide labor society divided itself into hundreds of tribes[Jati]. India was governed by people of non-Hindu faiths from the 8th century which caused ruptures in societal fabric. Caste is a word from the Portuguese word casta and caste came to define the jatis only 500 years ago. Considerable social engineering occurred during the British rule which impacted the societys self governance. There was some social injustice in which some jatis considered themselves superior to others (just as in the western societies). The present day jati hierarchy is undergoing changes for variety of reasons including social justice,which is a politically popular stance in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has swung the pendulum. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour to some of the jatis led to various reform movements in hinduism for centuries. While legally outlawed, the caste system remains s trong in practice, with social and employment opportunities strongly governed by ones caste of birth.[16] Vivekanandas calls to promote social justice have been largely heeded. Of course there is room for improvement as in the rest of the world. Islam | This section requires expansion. (July 2011)| The Quran contains numerous references to elements of social justice. For example, one of Islams Five Pillars is ZakÄ t, or alms-giving. Charity and assistance to the poor – concepts central to social justice – are and have historically been important parts of the Islamic faith. In Muslim history, Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice. Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads.[17] The Shiite believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in the messianic age of justice and the Mahdi along with the Messiah (Jesus) will end plunder, torture, oppression and discrimination.[18] For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism. The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work. However, the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need. It held that zakat (alms-giving) was not voluntary charity, but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate.[19] [edit]John Rawls Main article: John Rawls Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill, the social contract ideas of John Locke, and thecategorical imperative ideas of Kant. His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that, Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others..[20] A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms. His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen as a fair system of co-operation over time, from one generation to the next..[21] All societies have a basic structure of social, economic, and political institutions, both formal and informal. In testing how well these elements fit and work together, Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of soc ial contract. To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate, he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it, but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding. Obviously, not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved, so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable. Rawls constructed an argument for a two-stage process to determine a citizens hypothetical agreement: * The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes, and, to that extent, X holds these powers as a trustee for the citizen. * X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate. The citizen, therefore, is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way. This applies to one person who represents a small group (e.g., the organiser of a social event setting a dress code) as equally as it does to national governments, which are ultimate trustees, holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries. Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate. To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law-making powers of governments, Rawls asserted that, There is a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason. But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty.[22] This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold — to some extent, the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome. The basic liberties according to Rawls * Freedom of thought; * Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion, philosophy, and morality; * Political liberties (e.g. representative democratic institutions, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly); * Freedom of association; * Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person (viz: freedom from slavery, freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose ones occupation); and * Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law. Criticism The concept of social justice has come under criticism from a variety ofperspectives. Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective standard of social justice. Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general. Non-cognitivists, moral skeptics, moral nihilists, and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice. Cynics (such as Niccolà ² Machiavelli[citation needed]) believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the status quo. Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice, such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value, but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this. One example is the statement by H. G. Wellsthat all people are equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen.[23] On the other hand, some scholars reject the very idea of social justice as meaningless, re ligious, self-contradictory, and ideological, believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible, and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty. Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics: There can be no test by which we can discover what is socially unjust because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed, and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such (as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined) would appear just to us. [Social justice] does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense, like the term `a moral stone.[24] Ben ONeill of the University of New South Wales argues that, for proponents of social justice:[25] the notion of rights is a mere term of entitlement, indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good, no matter how important or trivial, abstract or tangible, recent or ancient. It is merely an assertion of desire, and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire. In fact, since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods, paid for through the efforts of others, the term actually refers to an intention to useforce to acquire ones desires. Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action, production and voluntary exchange, but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them! Janusz Korwin-Mikke argues simply: Either social justice has the same meaning as justice – or not. If so – why use the additional word social? We lose time, we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to print this word. If not, if social justice means something different from justice – then something different from justice is by definition injustice' Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular, leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disadvantaged categories of people, rather than on compassion or national interest. Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became widely accepted due to the rise of demand-side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement.[26] Cosmic values Hunter Lewis work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice. His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions, the environment supporting that life, and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions. Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness, Hunter also cites ornithologist, naturalist, and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations: The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they cannot be both habitual and enduring, because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible.[27] Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a living host [28] embracing an understanding of ecology that includes mankindss relationship to fellow me n, that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations also. Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated: If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation.[29] - Social justice movements Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, i.e., the Global Justice Movement. In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society.[30] A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society.[31][32] These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society. Interfaith Social Assistance Reform Coalition The Interfaith Social Justice Reform Coalition (ISARC) is Ontarios largest interfaith organization dedicated to faith-based approaches to public policy reform in the areas of social justice and poverty eradication. ISARC has a shared hope to mobilize, facilitate, and empower diverse faith communities to research, educate and advocate for public policy for the elimination of poverty in Ontario. ISARCs values include human dignity, social equity, mutual responsibility, fiscal fairness, economic equity and environmental sustainability. Since 1986, ISARC has been a leader in mobilizing faith communities to advocate for systemic change in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Liberation theology Main article: Liberation theology Liberation theology[33] is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as an interpretation of Christian faith through the poors suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor,[34] and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism.[35] Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within theCatholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s – 1960s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injusticein that region. It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. The term was coined by the Peruvian priest, Gustavo Gutià ©rrez, who wrote one of the movements most famous books, A Theology of Liberation (1971). According to Sarah Kleeb, Marx would surely take issue, she writes, with the appropriation of his works in a religious contextthere is no way to reconcile Marxs views of religion with those of Gutierrez, they are simply incompatible. Despite this, in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world, and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path, the two have much in common; and, particularly in the first edition of [A Theology of Liberation], the use of Marxian theory is quite evident.[36][dead link] Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil, Jon Sobrino of El Salvador, and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay.[37][38] Social justice in healthcare Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of bioethics. Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care, especially for low income households and families. The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families, and whether the global marketplace is a good thing to deal with healthcare. Ruth Faden and Madison Powers of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most. They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings. Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people. These social injustices take on the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment, and infectious diseases are more prevalent among an impoverished nation.[39] These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as Primary Healthcare which ensure the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level, gender, education or any other stratifying factor. Integrating social justice to health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model.[40] [edit]Social justice and human rights education Main article: Human rights education The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments, in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights.[41] A general definition of social justice is hard to arrive at and even harder to implement. In essence, social justice is concerned with equal justice, not just in the courts, but in all aspects of society. This concept demands that people have equal rights and opportunities; everyone, from the poorest person on the margins of society to the wealthiest deserves an even playing field. But what do the words â€Å"just† or â€Å"fair† mean, and what defines equal? Who should be responsible for making sure society is a just and fair place? How do you implement policies regarding social justice? Alternately, should you legislate for justice in society or merely rely on the moral compass of society’s members? From a political stance that is leftist, you must legislate to create a just society, and various programs need to exist in order to collect monies needed to even the playing field between rich, middle class, poor and those people who are routinely marginalized by s ociety. Equal rights can be defined as equal access to things that make it possible for people in any societal sector to be successful. Therefore, leftist philosophy would support things like anti-discrimination laws and equal opportunity programs, and would favor taxation, especially of those who make a lot of money, to pay for programs that help provide equality for all. The far left would argue that there are certain basic needs that must be offered to all. These include things like truly equal education and safety in all schools and programs that would help all children have the financial opportunity to attend college. Far left groups, often termed socialist even if they differ from true definitions of socialism, further argue that a just society cannot be had unless everyone has access to food, safe shelter and medical care. The way to achieve this is through taxation and government implementation of programs that will guarantee these things for all people. The right political stance equally endorses a just society, but may criticize those who make poor choices and feel that while equal opportunity should exist, a government should not legislate for this. In fact it is argued that social justice is diminished when governments create programs to deal with it, especially when these programs call for greater taxation. Instead, those who have more money should be encouraged to be philanthropic, not by paying higher taxes, which is arguably unjust. From a religious perspective, you’ll find people all over the political spectrum who argue forsocial justice. Many Christian groups believe that you bring about justice through Christlike actions of mercy, especially those that help people who have been marginalized by society. Islamic perspective on social justice is similar; one of the Five Pillars of Islam is that all must give to the poor. However, certain sects of Islam promote views of women and men as different; women are not equal to and are subservient to men. The postmodern critique on the idea of a just society provokes interesting debate. Can there ever be a just society? Can we ever view all people as inherently equal and entitled to the same rights and privileges? It’s hard to know, since most philosophers would argue that no one has ever created a completely just society, where all people have an even chance. Even in the most socialist nations, there is poverty and unequal distribution of wealth. In societies like the US, which hinge on creating social justice, we have distinct problems, like hungry children, homelessness, and problems with making sure all children receive the same high standard of education. This is no reason to abandon attempting to promote a just society and trying to aim for it. Yet due to the complex nature of society, the US may not ever fully achieve justice for all, and the debate of how to achieve this state is ongoing. â€Å"Social justice is about equality and fairness between human beings. It works on the universal principles that guide people in knowing what is right and what is wrong. This is also about keeping a balance between groups of people in a society or a community. Social justice is an underlying principle for peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among nations. We uphold the principles of social justice when we promote gender equality or the rights of indigenous peoples and migrants. We advance social justice when we remove barriers that people face because of gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, culture or disability.† Source: United Nations Our Commitment To Social Justice As Social Justice refers to creating a society that is based on the principles of equality and understanding the value of human rights, it is in direct alignment with our organisational values and philosophy. As an organisation of over 650 staff, we have embraced the Social Justice message and looked at powerful ways to raise awareness and showcase our advocacy for Social Justice throughout the community. FSGA collectively advocates for Social Justice by giving it a regular ‘Day’. Every Wednesday all FSGA staff are encouraged to wear something orange, to remind them of the FSGA value and philosophy and what we are advocating and working towards. The signature of modern leftist rhetoric is the deployment of terminology that simply cannot fail to command assent. As Orwell himself recognized, even slavery could be sold if labeled freedom. In this vein, who could ever conscientiously oppose the pursuit of social justice, i.e., a just society? To understand social justice, we must contrast it with the earlier view of justice against which it was conceived one that arose as a revolt against political absolutism. With a government (e.g., a monarchy) that is granted absolute power, it is impossible to speak of any injustice on its part. If it can do anything, it cant do anything wrong. Justice as a political/legal term can begin only when limitations are placed upon the sovereign, i.e., when men define what is unjust for government to do. The historical realization traces from the Roman senate to Magna Carta to the U.S. Constitution to the 19th century. It was now a matter of justice that government not arrest citizens arbitrarily , sanction their bondage by others, persecute them for their religion or speech, seize their property, or prevent their travel. This culmination of centuries of ideas and struggles became known as liberalism. And it was precisely in opposition to this liberalism not feudalism or theocracy or the ancien rà ©gime, much less 20th century fascism that Karl Marx formed and detailed the popular concept of social justice, (which has become a kind of new and improved substitute for a storeful of other terms Marxism, socialism, collectivism that, in the wake of Communisms history and collapse, are nowunsellable). The history of all existing society, he and Engels declared, is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf oppressor and oppressed, stood in sharp opposition to each other. They were quite right to note the political castes and resulting clashes of the pre-liberal era. The expositors of liberalism (Spencer, Maine) saw their ethic, by establishing the political equality of all (e.g., the abolition of slavery, serfdom, and inequality of rights), as moving manki nd from a society of status to a society of contract. Alas, Marx the Prophet could not accept that the classless millenium had arrived before he did. Thus, he revealed to a benighted humanity that liberalism was in fact merely another stage of Historys class struggle capitalism with its own combatants: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The former were manual laborers, the latter professionals and business owners. Marxs classes were not political castes but occupations. Today the terms have broadened to mean essentially income brackets. If Smith can make a nice living from his writing, hes a bourgeois; if Jones is reciting poetry for coins in a subway terminal, hes a proletarian. But the freedoms of speech and enterprise that they share equally are nothing but lies and falsehoods so long as their differences in affluence and influence persist (Luxemburg). The unbroken line from The Communist Manifesto to its contemporary adherents is that economic inequality is the monstrous injustice of the capitalist system, which must be replaced by an ideal of social justice a classless society created by the elimination of all differences in wealth and power. Give Marx his due: He was absolutely correct in identifying the political freedom of liberalism the right of each man to do as he wishes with his own resources as the origin of income disparity under capitalism. If Smith is now earning a fortune w hile Jones is still stuck in that subway, its not because of the class into which each was born, to say nothing of royal patronage. They are where they are because of how the common man spends his money. Thats why some writers sell books in the millions, some sell them in the thousands, and still others cant even get published. It is the choices of the masses (the market) that create the inequalities of fortune and fame and the only way to correct those injustices is to control those choices. Every policy item on the leftist agenda is merely a deduction from this fundamental premise. Private property and the free market of exchange are the most obvious hindrances to the implementation of that agenda, but hardly the only. Also verboten is the choice to emigrate, which removes one and ones wealth from the pool of resources to be redirected by the demands of social justice and its enforcers. And crucial to the justification of a classless society is the undermining of any notion that individuals are responsible for their behavior and its consequences. To maintain the illusion that classes still exist under capitali sm, it cannot be conceded that the haves are responsible for what they have or that the have nots are responsible for what they have not. Therefore, people are what they are because of where they were born into the social order as if this were early 17th century France. Men of achievement are pointedly referred to as the priviliged as if they were given everything and earned nothing. Their seeming accomplishments are, at best, really nothing more than the results of the sheer luck of a beneficial social environment (or even in the allowance of one egalitarian, John Rawls natural endowment). Consequently, the haves do not deserve what they have. The flip side of this is the insistence that the have nots are, in fact, the underpriviliged, who have been denied their due by an unjust society. If some men wind up behind bars, they are (to borrow from Broadway) depraved only because they are deprived. Environmental determinism, once an almost sacred doctrine of official Soviet academe, thrives as the social constructionist orthodoxy of todays anti-capitalist left. The theory of behavioral scientists and their boxed rats serviceably parallels the practice of a Central Planning Board and its closed society. The imperative of economic equality also generates a striking opposition between social justice and its liberal rival. The equality of the latter, weve noted, is the equality of all individuals in the eyes of the law the protection of the political rights of each man, irrespective of class (or any assigned collective identity, hence the blindfold of Justice personified). However, this political equality, also noted, spawns the difference in class between Smith and Jones. All this echoes Nobel laureate F.A. Hayeks observation that if we treat them equally [politically], the result must be inequality in their actual [i.e., economic] position. The irresistable conclusion is that the only way to place them in an equal [economic] position would be to treat them differently [politically] precisely the conclusion that the advocates of social justice themselves have always reached. In the nations that had instituted this resolution throughout their legal systems, different political treatm ent came to subsume the extermination or imprisonment of millions because of their class origins. In our own American mixed economy, which mixes differing systems of justice as much as economics, social justice finds expression in such policies and propositions as progressive taxation and income redistribution; affirmative action and even reparations, its logical implication; and selective censorship in the name of substantive equality, i.e., economic equality disingenuously reconfigured as a Fourteenth Amendment right and touted as the moral superior to formal equality, the equality of political freedom actually guaranteed by the amendment. This last is the project of a growing number of leftist legal theorists that includes Cass Sunstein and Catherine MacKinnon, the latter opining that the law of [substantive] equality and the law of freedom of expression [for all] are on a collision course in this country. Interestingly, Hayek had continued, Equality before the law and material equality are, therefore, not only different, but in conflict with each other a pronouncement that e vidently draws no dissent. Hayek emphasized another conflict between the two conceptions of justice, one we can begin examining simply by asking who the subject of liberal justice is. The answer: a person a flesh-and-blood person, who is held accountable for only those actions that constitute specifically defined crimes of violence (robbery, rape, murder) against other citizens. Conversely, who is the subject of social justice society? Indeed yes, but is society really a who? When we speak of social psychology (the standard example), no one believes that there is a social psyche whose thoughts can be analyzed. And yet the very notion of social justice presupposes a volitional Society whose actions can (and must) be held accountable. This jarring bit of Platonism traces all the way back to Marx himself, who, despite all his anti-Idealistic and anti-Hegelian rhetoric, is really an Idealist and Hegelian asserting, at root, that [Society] precedes and determines the characteristics of those who are [its] members (R.A. Childs, Jr.). Behold leftisms alternative to liberalisms atomistic individualism: reifying collectivism, what Hayek called anthropomorphism or person ification. Too obviously, it is not liberalism that atomizes an entity (a concrete), but social justice that reifies an aggregate (an abstraction). And exactly what injustice is Society responsible for? Of course: the economic inequality between Smith and Jones and Johnson and Brown and all others. But there is no personified Society who planned and perpetrated this alleged inequity, only a society of persons acting upon the many choices made by their individual minds. Eventually, though, everyone recognizes that this Ideal of Society doesnt exist in the real world leaving two options. One is to cease holding society accountable as a legal entity, a moral agent. The other is to conclude that the only practicable way to hold society accountable for its actions is to police the every action of every individual. The apologists for applied social justice have always explained away its relationship to totalitarianism as nothing more than what we may call (after Orwells Animal Farm) the Napoleon scenario: the subversion of earnest revolutions by demented individuals (e.g., Stalin, Mao to name just two among too many). What can never be admitted is that authoritarian brutality is the not-merely-possible-but-inevitable realization of the nature of social justice itself. What is social justice? The theory that implies and justifies the practice of socialism. And what is socialism? Domination by the State. What is socialized is state-controlled. So what is totalitarian socialism other than total socialism, i.e., state control of everything? And what is that but the absence of a free market in anything, be it goods or ideas? Those who contend that a socialist government need not be totalitarian, that it can allow a free market independent choice, the very source of inequality! in some things (ideas) and not in others (goods as if, say, books were one or the other), are saying only that the socialist ethic shouldnt be applied consistently. This is nothing less than a confession of moral cowardice. It is the explanation for why, from Moscow to Managua, all the rivalries within the different socialist revolutions have been won by, not the democratic or libertarian socialists, but the totalitarians, i.e., those who dont qualify their socialism with antonyms. Totalitarian socialism is not a variation but a redundancy, which is why half-capitalist hypocrites will always lose out to those who have the courage of their socialist convictions. (Likewise, someone whose idea of social justice is a moderate welfare state is someone whos willing to tolerate far more social injustice than hes willing to eliminate.) What is social justice? The abolition of privacy. Its repudiation of property rights, far from being a fundamental, is merely one derivation of this basic principle. Socialism, declared Marx, advocates the positive abolition of private property [in order to effect] the return of man himself as a social, i.e., really human, being. It is the private status of property meaning: the privacy, not the property that stands in opposition to the social (i.e., socialized, and thus really human) nature of man. Observe that the premise holds even when we substitute x for property. If private anything denies mans social nature, then so does private everything. And it is the negation of anything and everything private from work to worship to even family life that has been the social affirmation of the socialist state. What is social justice? The opposite of capitalism. And what is capitalism? It is Marxs coinage (minted by his materialist dispensation) for the Western liberalism that diminished state power from absolutism to limited government; that, from John Locke to the American Founders, held that each individual has an inviolable right to his own life, liberty, and property, which government exists solely to secure. Now what would the reverse of this be but a resurrection of Oriental despotism, the reactionary increase of state power from limited government to absolutism, i.e., totalitarianism, the absolute control of absolutely everything? And what is the opposite the violation of securing the life, liberty, and property of all men other than mass murder, mass tyranny, and mass plunder? And what is that but the point at which theory ends and history begins? And yet even before that point before the 20th century, before publication of the Manifesto itself there were those who did indeed make the connection between what Marxism inherently meant on paper and what it would inevitably mean in practice. In 1844, Arnold Ruge presented the abstract: a police and slave state. And in 1872, Michael Bakunin provided the specifics: [T]he Peoples State of Marx will not content itself with administering and governing the masses politically, as all governments do today. It will also administer the masses economically, concentrating in the hands of the State the production and division of wealth, the cultivation of land, the establishment and development of factories, the organization and direction of commerce, and finally the application of capital to production by the only banker the State. All that will demand an immense knowledge and many heads overflowing with brains in this government. It will be the reign of scientific intelligence, the most aristocratic, despotic, arrogant, and elitist of all regimes. There will be a new class, a new hierarchy of real and counterfeit scientists and scholars, and the world will be divided into a minority ruling in the name of knowledge, and an immense ignorant majority. And then, woe unto the mass of ignorant ones! It is precisely this new class that reflects the defining contradiction of modern leftist reality: The goal of complete economic equality logically enjoins the means of complete state control, yet this means has never practically achieved that end. Yes, Smith and Jones, once socialized, are equally poor and equally oppressed, but now above them looms an oligarchy of not-to-be-equalized equalizers. The inescapable rise of this new class privileged economically as well as politically, never quite ready to wither away forever destroys the possibility of a classless society. Here the lesson of socialism teaches what should have been learned from the lesson of pre-liberal despotism that state coercion is a means to no end but its own. Far from expanding equality from the political to the economic realm, the pursuit of social justice serves only to contract it within both. There will never be any kind of equality or real justice as long as a socialist elite stands behind the trigger w hile the rest of us kneel before the barrel. Further Reading The contemporary left remains possessed by the spirit of Marx, present even where hes not, and the best overview of his ideology remains Thomas SowellsMarxism: Philosophy and Economics, which is complemented perfectly by the most accessible refutation of that ideology, David Conways A Farewell to Marx. Hayeks majestic The Mirage of Social Justice is a challenging yet rewarding effort, while his The Road to Serfdom provides an unparalleled exposition of how freedom falls to tyranny. Moving from theory to practice, Communism: A History, Richard Pipes slim survey, ably says all that is needed.

Racism in the Chesapeake Area Essays -- Chesapeake Area Racism Racist

Racism in the Chesapeake Area The Chesapeake area in the seventeenth century was a unique community that was almost absent of racism. In this community, at this time, property was the central and primary definition of one’s place in society. The color of one’s skin was not a fundamental factor in being a well respected and valued member of the community. Virginia’s Eastern Shore represented a very small fellowship of people that were not typical of the Southern ideals during this time period and gave free blacks owning property a great deal of respect and merit usually equal to that of any white man around. Racism, as a generalization, was a common and mostly unified way of thinking in the Southern states for a very long time and was in its prime during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The first importation of slaves into Virginia was in late August of 1619 and was only briefly recorded by one colonist, John Rolfe. He recorded them as â€Å"20. and odd Negroes† and from this the black population slowly grew to about three hundred by the mid-century. One must understand that the attitudes towards the blacks that came to Virginia were not inevitable. This is a very important point to note when understanding how the free blacks came to be they way they were in Northampton, Virginia. It is not specifically known how Anthony Johnson came to own his â€Å"modest estate† or how he ended up in Northampton. Historians believe that his former master, Rirchard Bennett,...

Antigone Essay

Remember those people who always thought they were right, and they always ended up in trouble for it? I Sophocles’ play Antigone, the main characters Antigone and Creon show how being so hubris can be tragic to your life. Set back in ancient Greece an epic battle takes place and brothers end up killing each other. One was allowed a proper burial, yet Polyinesis was not. Antigone felt disappointed by this and decided to bury them yet Creon the newly appointed king did not appreciate the rule breaking. Due to the fact that Antigone and creon exhibited excessive pride, their lives were ruined. Antigone’s arrogance and brashness ultimately led to her death. For example, on Creon’s first day as king he made a decree that no one should bury Polyneisis body. When Antigone heard this, she went to Ismene and asked for her help; yet Ismene refused and called her a criminal. Antigone still disagreed, â€Å"But I will bury him; and if I must die, I say that this crime is holy; I shall lie down with him in death†(673,55-57) This proved that Antigone was cocky and she was sort of stating that all her wrong doings are â€Å"holy†; she is referring to herself as always being right. This affected her though distorting her view on life. In addition to her argument with Ismene, Antigone then was caught in the act of burying Polyniesis and was brought in and questioned by Creon. â€Å"And you Antigone, with your head hanging – do you confess this thing†(679, 53) When Antigone didn’t deny her crime and boasted to the king and the elders, It proves how narcissistic that she is. If she would have not been so boastful I doubt that Croen would have been so harsh to Antigone. Furthermore, Creon then calls in Ismene to protest against her crime as well. Creon started o believe that she helped Antigone to plot against him. Ismene then lied and said she did help to Antigone’s surprise. Antigone become outraged and denied her hand in the deed. Ismene is displeased in antigone’s punishment, â€Å"Do you refuse me, Antigone? I want to die with you; I too have a duty that I must discharge to the dead†(681, 138). Antigone was then enraged further and rebelled against Ismene, â€Å"You shall not lessen my death by sharing it†(681, 139) Antigone is showing self centered and concided she was. She believed that she was so important because she did the right thing by the gods that no one should die except her because she was special. However, Antigone was not the only major character with this flaw. This proves how arrogance can really damage anyone’s life just like it did to Antigone and Creons’. Pride and the excess of it played a big role in this play, being the tragic flaw of both main characters; arrogance is not only a big part of this play but also our history, there will always be people who can never be wrong. Many people are just like Creon and Antigone, Always thinking they are right. Is your life headed for a fate just like Antigone’s plot?