European Settlements and the Decline of Indian Power in America Essay

European Settlements and the Decline of Indian Power in America What today is the territory of Virginia used to be Native American terrains. The Indians guarantee that God had given them the option to claim and settle those grounds. The issue as we have found in class is the Europeans, for example, the Spanish and English came and assumed control over the Native American land for the sake of the King and/or Queen. They attacked their region, and wrecked their way of life, all for the sake of victory. What I plan to show is the way these issues created for the English from the long stretches of 1607 to 1644. Kirkpatrick Sale in his book Conquest of Paradise says that the English were simply doing the Columbian inheritance with a similar mercilessness toward the Native American populace. The fundamental objective of the English just as the Spanish was to settle enormous lumps of land and have military authority over a regressive (through their eyes) society. By 1610 the adversary for the English was the locals, or as they called them savages, and their central goal was to take them prisioner and make them slaves. It even says in the contract allowed to the homesteaders in 1607. Which may by the Providence of Almighty God, from now on watch out for the wonder of his celestial magnificence, in propagfting of the Christian religon to such individuals up 'til now live in obscurity and hopeless numbness of all obvious information and love of God and may in time bring the unbelievers and savages living in those parts to human affability and to settled and calm government (Warner 38). In additio n if the locals became unfriendly they felt that it w as their entitlement to take their corn while consequently giving them pointless things of no pratical esteem, for example, globules, compasses, and mirrors. The English felt that in time the Indians would com... ...t I need or I will butcher your populace and take you prisioner. Additionally the Indians were on English land when it truly was their acquired land from their progenitors. It resembled what Columbus did on Hispanola; he took over local terrains and did what he needed with the Indian clans, steling their property placing them in servitude and having them perceive the Spanish as predominant individuals. It was a fight between the Indians and the colonizers and as should be obvious the colonlists won. It truly was a conflict of societies with the last winning. Reference index Campell, Charles. History Of The Colony And Acient Domion of Virginia. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott and Co. 1860. Deal, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. New York 1991 Warner, Charles D. Commander John Smith 1579 - 1631 New York, Harvey Holt and Company. 1881

Understanding Media and Communication

Getting Media and Communication Presentation Films are protracted plays recorded on electronic gadgets, which center around telling real, legendary, custom, logical and anecdotal stories. A film results from the inventive abilities of the maker who composes the content that the on-screen characters follow while acting. Most movies endeavor to duplicate genuine circumstances, which have unfolded previously. On the other hand, music is an arrangement that comprises of verses. In any case, visual pictures as obvious within the sight of pictures and sounds need music.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Understanding Media and Communication explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evidently, such media stages pass data to the mass in a broad way. In any case, they utilize various styles in this way interpreting the planned messages. This paper plans to differentiate the two media stages dependent on specific viewpoints that incorporate belief system, authenticity and crowd. Transmedia stor ies are story described over various media stages. A story falls into this class once it fits in with at least three media stages. The exponential advancements in the media world have encouraged the development of transmedia stories. Enhancement of media stages will be the transcendent factor driving the development of transmedia accounts by making more stages. The conversation underneath analyzes two media stages in this manner music and film. The conversation embodies the procedures and gadgets utilized in narrating in music and movies (Abba 2009). Belief system Ideology is a general term that portrays certain thoughts or qualities that individuals follow. Additional time, broad communications has been a road that encourages distinct thoughts. This implies media stages can prompt changes in belief systems. Movies have the capacity to tell protracted and complex story since they can oblige a unique cast. Moreover, they utilize sound and picture in messages. Film utilizes various me thods to propose its hugeness. Despite what might be expected, music utilizes barely any methods since it faces confinements. Music just utilizes sound. In this way, it can't coordinate all the strategies and gadgets into sound. Be that as it may, movies can incorporate the strategies and gadgets into sound and pictures. The visual capacity in films implies that they have the ability to impact people. Music can impact philosophies because of its rhythms and innovatively utilized verses. Basically, both are persuasive; nonetheless, films appear to radiate noteworthy impact. With the computerized headway, a movie producer would now be able to film complex pieces. So as to authorize certain philosophies, films use gadgets, for example, talk procedures. Music and film have applied talk generally similarly. Obviously, talk alludes to any piece of the story where the narrator poses an inquiry yet the craftsman grasps the appropriate response. The style is clear fundamentally in film than music (Post and Gold, 2006). Crowd Transmedia stories ooze assorted story lines. Transmedia accounts require over the top crowd that will attempt to follow the assortment of stories that exist. These stories catch a wide scope of crowds since they are available on various media stages. It significant that music orders a huge group than film since it is cheaper.Advertising Looking for exposition on interchanges media? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An imperative component of transmedia accounts is that they welcome the crowd ready. When the crowds take an interest, they can modify the storyline making it phonetically and ethnically reasonable for the business. This implies the crowds have a specific degree of obligation to add to the whole plot. This makes transmedia stories progressively satisfactory. The degree of support in adjusting the plot would be insignificant since film includes assorted issues that incorporate cast a nd assets. On the other hand, adjusting the plot would be simpler since it includes lesser individuals and assets. This implies the adaptability of music gives it an edge over movies, which are inflexible. Transmedia permits a solitary narrating on a large number of ways. With the innovative progression, transmedia will assist with investigating beforehand undiscovered market. To be sure, it would suit sound situated stories while film would be appropriate for graphical and sound arranged stories. â€Å"Form of realism† Realism includes making a portrayal of genuine circumstance in writing of expressions. It on a very basic level includes repeating a genuine circumstance. In differentiating the two media stages as to authenticity, it is basic to investigate their capacity to duplicate circumstances and situations. Movies are skillful of reproducing circumstances exemplarily since it has both visual and sound ability. At the point when they have a prepared cast, they can draw out any story wonderfully well. In any case, films require a significant measure of assets to help the team and gear. Narrating on film requires an arrangement of abilities. This is on the grounds that a film requires a content, which catches the premise of the story. On the other hand, the procedure of narrating in music is impressively basic yet requires a skilled individual. Recounting to a story in a tune requires the artist to mix in the thoughts, which isn't a conventional fit. In any case, narrating through music is a lot less complex and teaches less methods and gadgets. Unexpectedly, narrating through movies includes numerous gadgets since it can oblige a bigger cast. This implies it can have opponent hero, storyteller, foil, and friend. The rival, storyteller, and enemy speak to the changing perspectives, which may exist because of a specific story. The utilization of such a cast offers profundity to the narrating in films since the story needs to offer space to permit the shifting speakers to declare their perspectives. Such various idea realized by the cast will trigger the crowd to focus. This implies the crowds are not simply common audience members. It is testing and unreasonable to incorporate such a cast in a melody since it would lose certain angles, for example, mood. For sure, films have the capacity to imitate a circumstance given the correct cast and assets. These are owing to the sound and visual part of movies. Furthermore, film permits the crowd to see the storytellers and individuals from the cast. Music coordinates verse into verses to make rhyming words and in this way improve mood in the melody. Verse speaks to the most fused style in music (Khlentzos 2011).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Understanding Media and Communication explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Modes of representation† These modes present model of film making used before. These modes speak to the examples that fi lm creation locked in. These modes apply in film making by giving direction to the producer on the techniques to follow. This uncover a part of film making that is procedural (Isaken Dorval 1992). Subsequently, narrating through movies is more specialized and procedural than through music since set strategies are non-existent. This uncovers filmmaking as a bureaucratic method that requires a specific arrangement of procedures followed. This speaks to a key contrast between narrating through music and film. In music, there is no set methodology and the quality relies upon the imagination of the performer. The craftsman has the duty to consolidate different types to make a grand introduction. Filmmaking appears to follow a system in narrating to ensure an offered quality to the audience members. On the other hand, the modes are probably going to prompt a decent narrating since the set methodology encourage quality work. The two media stages have distinct features, which work pair. The se two news source gives negligible road to criticism. In narrating, it is basic to make a road for input as it adds to the general plot of the story. Also, it makes the crowd a functioning member in narrating. Media stage, for example, web journals destinations are pioneer in this field since they give a road to the audience to explain their inclination as to a given story. Connection between the narrator and the crowd is significant since the crowds can add to the plot of the transmedia account (McWilliams, 1998). End Transmedia stories have become an overwhelming power in the 21st century correspondence. This is on the grounds that the vast majority are via web-based networking media and other connected stages. Music and movies have been basic in making this new media marvel. Music or melodies just keep going for a minute stage while films are generally long. Basing on schedule, movies can instill more styles, methods, and gadgets to tidy up narrating. The styles applied incorpor ate vagueness, talk and a various cast. In general, films utilize a bigger number of gadgets and methods than music. Music and film are essentially extraordinary since the last utilizes the two pictures and sound while the underlying just uses sound. The capacity of film to utilize both sound and pictures has allowed it advantage over music in narrating. In any case, the utilization of music in narrating outperforms the utilization of film notwithstanding its points of interest. Rundown of References Abba, T 2009, Hybrid stories: Examining the eventual fate of transmedia account, Liverpoolâ university press, 2, 1, pp 59-75.Advertising Searching for exposition on correspondences media? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Isaken, S Dorval, K 1992, Mode of emblematic portrayal in a subjective style, Web. Khlentzos, D 2011, Challenges to Metaphysical Realism Web. McWilliams 1998, Effective Storytelling Web. Post, D Gold, L 2006, Literary Devices Web.

The Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority Essay Example for Free

The Saudi Arabia General Investment Authority Essay 1. How might you measure SAGIA’simpacton Saudi Arabia’s seriousness? Analyze the improvement in pointers (number of days to enroll a business, FDI development, jobs markers, and so on.) somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2011by referringto the Global Competitiveness Report, Doing Business Report and different sources. 2. What are the attributes of powerful organized administration? What are the favorable circumstances? What are the signs that SAGIA presented arranged administration? 3. What are One-Stop-Shops? How they may improve the business condition? What are the difficulties of setting up them? One-Stop-Shops, additionally called Investor Service Centers (ISCs), enlivened by the idea of a solitary site offering numerous administrations to financial specialists and was refined further to take out going through numerous workplaces around the structure of every administration office to get the investor’s paper stepped. The one-stop shop incorporates a front work area and a back office; front work area has four to five client relations administrators, who expertly take all necessities and hand them to the back office which incorporates delegates from a few government offices just as worldwide advances and firms. This work Design helped SAGIA guarantee excellent client care and dispose of the potential for debasement while making methods less complex and quicker which reflected in more noteworthy firm fulfillment and investment funds with more organizations being enrolled, expanded money related assets and openings for work that uses the best accessible neighborhood assets. ISCs filled in as cushion zones, with the SAGIA client assistance staff working as middle people among clients and government organization delegates. One of the difficulties of setting up ISC, that it was staffed by government representatives and the worry was that open assistance workers couldn't proceed just as their private partners, however this test was settled by giving the correct motivations to the staff by conceding rewards for gradual increments in the quantity of international IDs dealt with. The volume of identifications took care of was multiple times more than what was utilized to be taken care of with same m easure of time. 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Saudization Policy? What are its suggestions on the intensity of the Saudi Economy? Professionals: * Replacing outside specialists with Saudis, since the Saudi economy is vigorously reliant on them. * Lowering the Saudi joblessness rate. * Increase work for Saudi nationals over all divisions of residential economy. * Recapture and reinvest salary which in any case would have streamed abroad as settlements to remote laborer home nations. Cons: * Companies began to make counterfeit mergers and acquisitions of its different divisions so as to meet their quantity. * Saudis are being recruited simply because they are Saudi and not because of their capabilities. * Saudization caused Foreign and even Saudi organizations to move their tasks to UAE or other more business-accommodating territorial conditions. * Thousands of low compensation works had to leave, for example, retailers and drivers, there are not in every case even enough Saudis who even need these activity to supplant them that came about with supplanting the great, talented and financially savvy work with a national Saudi who does not have the intrigue, aptitude or involvement with certain cases to play out these employments * Higher compensation costs being forced on associations that debilitated interest in Saudi Arabia * Since the training framework has generally neglected to set up the country’s youth for employments requiring specialized skill. Exacerbating this issue is that numerous alumni will not take assignments that are considered regularly as modest. Saudization plainly makes a few aggravations, with certain segments like vehicle envisioning a disaster. A definitive objective of advancement and ideally higher development accompanies an expense as transient transitional disturbance. There are two fundamental concerns. To begin with, numerous organizations may feel that Saudization will decrease their intensity and consequently may choose to leave the realm for a more business benevolent condition. These would in all likelihood be firms in the administration divisions, for example, banking. The country’s poor administrative condition just intensifies this issue with an apparently 2,500 Saudi organizations opening up shops in Dubai, as opposed to in Saudi Arabia realm. The second primary territory of effect from Saudization might be a decrease of outside direct speculation (FDI) in the realm. Outside firms may feel that Saudization not just puts them off guard contrasted with their remote rivals, yet that the entire Saudization program itself is unusual, with rules and amounts evolving arbitrarily. 5. Examine the idea of Special Economic Zones and how they ought to be built up to have greatest positive effect on the national economy and its seriousness.

The Foolproof Dartmouth Essay Samples Strategy

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Bandag Automative Case Study Essay

1. Given Bandag Auto’s size, and whatever else you think about it, clarify why and how the human asset the executives capacity ought to be rearranged. Answer: Right off the bat, we suggest that Bandag Automotive structure another, discrete Human Resources Unit that will be devoted to the Bandag’s new methodology. Bandag Automotive doesn't have a business technique, so the new Human Resource Unit will give this announcement, which will permit key HR to work: ‘Bandag Automotive’s business system is to accomplish predominant degrees of client assistance and high productivity through an exceptionally dedicated workforce.’ Jim will no longer have direct HR duties with the representatives; everything will be taken care of through the new HR association diagram. The new HR director will help detail business procedures and arrangements and recognize workforce necessities. Jim’s father has a great deal of involvement in the organization and has made a magnificent relationship with the workers. He will be a decent counsel for the new HR chief. The new HR director will have these undertakings, pulled from the Departm ent of Labor’s O*NET: * Serve as a connection among the board and representatives by dealing with questions, deciphering and managing agreements and helping settle business related issues. * Analyze and change pay and advantages arrangements to build up serious projects and guarantee consistence with lawful necessities. * Advise supervisors on authoritative strategy matters, for example, equivalent business opportunity and lewd behavior, and suggest required changes. * Perform troublesome staffing obligations, incorporating managing understaffing, refereeing questions, terminating workers, and controlling disciplinary techniques. * Plan and direct new worker direction to cultivate uplifting mentality toward authoritative goals. * Identify staff opportunities and enroll, meet and select candidates. * Plan, direct, oversee, and facilitate work exercises of subordinates and staff identifying with business, remuneration, work relations, and representative relations. * Plan, sort out, direct, control or facilitate the staff, preparing, or work relations exercises of an association. * Represent association at faculty related hearings and examinations. * Administer pay, advantages and execution the executives frameworks, and wellbeing andâ recreation programs. The new HR director with the assistance of Jim’s father, will overview the present workers to become acquainted with them better and to get ready for work examination. 2. Suggest what Bandag should change and additionally enhance in regards to the present HR frameworks, structures, and practices the organization currently employments. Answer: Bandag should deny all contacts with the outside HR firm that had been recruited already. Presently, the new HR director will totally isolate Bandag from the outside offices. He will have arranged the HR strategies that work alongside the company’s new procedure. Every single required structure will be inside created. To guarantee freedom from the HR offices, the supervisor will select two HR associates to help. One will be answerable for the enrolling, situating, and preparing of new representative and worker promotion. The subsequent will be liable for assessing current workers, following advancements, appropriate guiding and terminating of representatives, and preparing current representatives on new approaches. Obviously, the legitimate piece of HR that Jim had numerous issues with will presently be the obligation of the HR chief. At last, Jim, Jim’s father, and HR will assess the impact of the new unit on Bandag Automotive and its HR issues. The issues confronting Bandag car result from an absence of a devoted HR staff. Jim’s arrangements are not off-base, however they are applied in the incorrect way. In the event that the HR unit isn't made it will prompt proceeding with issues and the hole between the workers and manager will be expanded. At long last, poor HR the board will give Bandag Automotive a terrible notoriety and will prompt a drop in quality, loss of clients and lower benefit. 3. Jim terminated a representative for making what the administrator called a harmful relationship. Clarify whether the representative has a genuine case against the organization and the moves the organization should make. Answer: Henry Jacques was terminated in light of the fact that his administrator announced that while he was doing the specialized an aspect of his responsibilities well, he had major issues connecting with his collaborators and was making his store toxic. Jim endorsed Henry’s excusal. In spite of the fact that Henry’s chief had heard that he has a psychological sickness, he didn't consider while assessing Henry. Henry likewise never carried it to his management’s consideration on the off chance that he to be sure has a psychological illness. In that case Henry doesn't have a real case against Bandag Automotive. He was cautioned in his exhibition evaluations that he had issues working in a group situation, and he never raised the way that he has an inability. As indicated by the Americans with Disabilities Act, the representative must set up he has a secured incapacity. Additionally, we need more data on Henry’s guarantee to know whether this is his guard. We accept he was terminated suitably; be that as it may, the proper activity in this circumstance was to initially move Henry to another position and to give him a last admonition. In this position, the vast majority of his work ought not be in a group. On the off chance that he keeps on being dangerous when taking a shot at his own, a release would be increasingly fitting. 4. Miriam, the controller, is fundamentally guaranteeing that the organization is fighting back against her for being pregnant, and that the way that the organization raised execution issues was only a smokescreen. Clarify whether the EEOC as well as courts would concur with her and the moves the organization should make now. Answer: Miriam had been with Bandag Automotive for a long time. She went on pregnancy leave for twelve weeks under the FMLA, and afterward got an additional three-week leave under Bandag’s expanded disease days program. Miriam was as of late terminated by Jim on the grounds that she had been turning her financial plans in late and perhaps fashioned a few archives. On the off chance that we expect that Jim’s claims are strong, he reserved a privilege to fire her for unfortunate behavior. We accept that her case of unfair release identified with her pregnancy is unwarranted. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), as we would like to think, won't concur with her and won't battle the case for her benefit. Likewise, she continued labor for a quarter of a year after her leave, and might be irate in light of the fact that her solicitation to alter her calendar was won't. On the off chance that she wasn’t content with her timetable she could have stopped. Bandag’s HR framework bombed here in light of the fact that a set of working responsibilities and agreement could have endorsed explicit working hours, which she would need to submit to. 5. A representative who is hard of hearing has requested to change employments to be a conveyance individual and he was turned down. He is currently taking steps to sue. Suggest what the organization ought to do and depict why. Answer: A truck support representative who is hard of hearing, went after a position driving one of Bandag’s dissemination trucks, and Jim straightforwardly turned him down as a result of his incapacity. We accept that the representative will win in the event that he sues Jim, except if Jim can demonstrate that the worker was denied in light of the fact that there were increasingly qualified candidates and not the slightest bit due to his handicap. However it is still really dangerous in light of the fact that the court framework is exceptionally exacting about the Americans with Disabilities Act. In the event that the hard of hearing representative can demonstrate that Jim believes that is silly for an incapacitated individual to drive a truck, he will win and cause financial and open harms to the organization. Our answer for alleviate the issue is to rescreen all candidates, including the representative to check whether he is equipped for the activity. In the event that he is, extend to him the employment opportunity on the off chance that he is as yet intrigued, and he will ideally drop the case.

How to Write an Argumentative Essay Conclusion

How to Write an Argumentative Essay Conclusion The conclusion for an argumentative essay is your last chance to make an impression on your reader â€" that’s why it’s quite important. Make it weak, and your readers will forget all the good stuff in the body paragraphs and only remember the weak ending. You can’t afford to fail your conclusion, and yet it’s so easy to fail it. One of the reasons why students often write low-level conclusions is because there is a certain amount of wrong ideas about the role and purpose of the conclusion chapter that circulate in student circles. One of the most dangerous ones is that you simply have to restate what you have already stated in the introduction and body paragraphs, and you will be done. It couldn’t be further from the truth. While the introduction paves the way for your findings and the body paragraphs describe your train of thought, the conclusion serves as the climax. Here, you build on what you have already said, emphasize your point, and map areas for future research. From a certain point of view, the conclusion chapter might seem to be the most important part of your paper. Such thinking wouldn’t be correct, however. All the chapters in your paper are equally important and serve the same purpose. So, how does one approach writing the conclusion? First of all, by having a clear understanding of what the conclusion chapter is designed to achieve. The goals and functions of the conclusion chapter A conclusion performs multiple functions: Creates the last impression of your paper in your readers Wraps up what you have already stated Proves that you have accomplished the set of tasks you have set in the beginning Gives readers a closure on the topic Explains how exactly you went about supporting your thesis statement Encourages scientific discussion on related topics Maps areas for future research At that note that the conclusion chapter should not introduce any new information. You should reiterate what was said in the introduction in light of the information provided in the body paragraphs. The conclusion should have a reverted structure as compared with the introduction: while the introduction goes from general to specific, the conclusion follows the opposite order. How to write the conclusion chapter? Generally speaking, you have the freedom of choosing how to approach your conclusion. It should fulfill its functions, but how you go about it is not that important. There are some strategies that you could use to simplify the process: Explain the significance of your research. There is a copywriting technique where writers ask and try to answer the dreaded question: so what? So what that you have performed this research? Who should care and why do you think it makes any contribution into the body of knowledge? If you manage to give answers to these questions in a few sentences, you have a perfect conclusion ready for use. Revisit the introduction. Try using the same structures or approaches to organizing information as you did in the introduction. It will add consistency and close the full cycle of your paper. As it has already been said, the concepts described in the introduction should be revisited in view of the research you have done, not just reiterated. Unite the points raised in body paragraphs. Readers sometimes need more explaining than you would expect. Even if you provided extensive explanation for every point, it will not hurt you to restate the connection in the conclusion. In fact, introducing the connection between the points in the conclusion chapter is one of the best practices. In doing so, make sure you are not making any unexpected turns, as it will qualify as new information, which, as you know, should not be present in the conclusion. Include another attention hook or a thought or discussion provoking element. It will cheer your readers up and leave them wondering if there’s something else to be said about the subject matter. Propose how your research could be continued. There are multiple adjacent fields to yours where your findings could be used (provided you did a good job of researching). Propose other themes that could be explored in the future. Make a hint at a more general issue. Hinting at matters that encompass your research is a good way to support its significance as a part of a major scientific endeavor. Mistakes to avoid when working on an argumentative essay conclusion Don’t restate the obvious. The narrative of your paper should be clear enough to make your readers understand intuitively where the main part ends and the conclusion begins. That’s why you shouldn’t be using phrases such as “to conclude” or “in conclusion”. They sound artificial even in formal writing. Instead, make sure your readers understand the transition between chapters. Making doubtful statements and leaving your readers without a closure. You can hint at a more significant research possibility, but leaving readers with doubts and questions is a bad practice. So in provoking further discussion be careful â€" don’t go overboard. Changing the style as compared with your entire paper. The conclusion chapter is hardy the right place to change your approach and start using a different style. Your entire paper should aim for consistency in all respects, including style. Argumentative paper writing has quite a few conventions to follow, and not following them might get you in trouble. Including elements that should be in the main part. You have had your chance to present evidence â€" now is the time to analyze them. Besides, any evidence provided in the conclusion will qualify as new information, which you shouldn’t provide at the end of your paper. Writing conclusion for argumentative essay might seem to be a rather complicated thing, but in truth you will develop this skill with time. It will come naturally to you. If you haven’t yet had enough practice, however, these recommendations should help you write a decent conclusion that will be worthy of your paper.

The Statistical Power Of A Study Variability With Minitab - 275 Words

The Statistical Power Of A Study: Variability With Minitab (Statistics Project Sample) Content: Variability with MinitabNameInstitutionVariability with MinitabVariability is very hard to control when compared to the mean in a study. One of the disadvantages of variability is that it lessens the statistical power of a study all through hypothesis testing. The statistical power of a test is the probability that a test will detect a change, when the change is in fact true (Helsel, 2011). Understanding how variability may influence the study is important since it allows the researcher to plan accordingly. Generally there are three main types of variability; high, medium and low.A good example of low variability in data is time series data on certificate of deposits. Certificate of deposits are offered mainly in the United States (Peck et.al, 2015). They are similar to savings accounts, and are insured so usually they are risk free. Low variability increases the power of a test to detect statistical significance. The distinction between the populations under study in creases under low variability.Medium variability can be detected in the financial records and performance of well-established companies such as McDonalds, Jet Blue, and Walmart. Such companies have robust systems and are not easily influenced by prevailing financial conditions. Under medium variability, the difference between the data is not sharp, but exists. The hypothesis shows there is a difference however, very minimal (Peck et.al, 2015).Finally, high variability in data is likely to be witnessed in ...

Cosmopolitan s Myth Or Truth - 1531 Words

Cosmopolitan Canopies: Myth or Truth? Albert Einstein, a famous scientist once said, â€Å"Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding.† In relation to this quote, a place of peace cannot be created, it has to be naturally formed by people who understand one another, and understand that certain places need to be peaceful. In Elijah Anderson’s The Cosmopolitan Canopy; Race and Civility in Everyday Life, he describes places called â€Å"Cosmopolitan Canopies†. According to Anderson, cosmopolitan canopies are places where everyone is peaceful and civil towards one another. People of all races get along in these places and no one outwardly judges each other in a harsh manner. Judging is either abolished or people keep it quietly to themselves and Anderson refers to judging as â€Å"people watching†. He believes certain requirements need to be met to be formed, and I observed a place that could be a perfect canopy, according to Ander son’s requirements. In Anderson’s The Cosmopolitan Canopy; Race and Civility in Everyday Life, the narrator’s belief in a peaceful common ground causes a certain interest in seeing if the cosmopolitan canopies always form on their own or if they can be created. Anderson’s idea that cosmopolitan canopies are formed in places that have certain requirements, showed me the places that were best for observing. One of the places Anderson observed was Rittenhouse Square in Philadelphia. Rittenhouse square fits the ideal of a cosmopolitan canopyShow MoreRelatedThe Basic Principle Of Inquiry1195 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophers. Even though Pre-Socratic history has more than a few missing puzzle pieces, we have understood that this was an era where people began to â€Å"reject traditional mythological explanations of the natural world† and instead began to elucidate myth and look for logical (and in some cases scientific) evidence for occurrences in nature. Famous philosophers of this era include Thales of Miletus who is considered the 1st Western philosopher, Democritus who is known for his atomic theory and otherRead MoreTourism During the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games1551 Words   |  7 Pagesdowntown core, providing a perf ect location for winter sports. Also, the sea-level city is one of the few places in the world where you can experience a morning on the slopes, and a sail in the evening (HelloBC.com 2014). Vancouver is also a very cosmopolitan city, regularly praised for its cuisine and nightlife (Wilson 1997). For these reasons and more Vancouver was awarded host city of the Olympics, attracting hundreds of thousands tourists from across the globe. Examining the impacts of Vancouver’sRead MoreThe Trial of Socrates: an Analysis and Construction of Socrates Defense2369 Words   |  10 PagesUnderstanding the City of Athens thriving democracy will help to understand why the allegations brought before Socrates were made possible and even the ultimate outcome of the case. Even Socrates acknowledges that there is hope for democracy. The cosmopolitan ambience which was made present throughout the whole trial process and selection of the jurors were nothing more than common people. These people were primarily used to the Traditionalists and Sophists views. Most would argue that they predominantlyRead MoreEssay about The Historic Accuracy of Homer’s Iliad2923 Words   |  12 PagesHomer’s Iliad has been a European myth for many millennia , the long poetic narrative written in the 8th century B.C. recounts a fearsome war fought over a beautiful woman. The reliability of Homers Iliad as a true historical docume nt has been challenged for hundreds of years and only through archaeological studies can the truth be deciphered. The Iliad was written five centuries after the war, where the stories had been passed down through the oral tradition, therefore the type of society reflectedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Harold Pinter s The Room 9709 Words   |  39 Pageswhat prompts Pinter to withhold information from the audience or to rely on ambiguity. The answer is the illusionary nature of truth. Truth to one can be a lie to another and to present something as â€Å"fact† is highly questionable, owing to the suspicion which others may have with regard to its authenticity. As Pinter knew that the only thing that can be termed as close to truth is not the cause but the effects of an action as seen through the naked eye of an impartial witness, his plays abound in ambiguityRead More Capitalism, Marketing, and the Insidious and Covert Co-optation of the Self6482 Words   |  26 Pagesof d emocracy and individual expression, and fulfill various levels of desire. 2. Defining Avatars The use of the term avatar to represent the self or user in the context of shared on-line Internet environments first occurs in the early 1980s with the development of LucasFilmss Habitat project (Farmer). The term came to popular consciousness with the success of the novel SnowCrash (Stephenson). Discussions of the nature of the avatar are often mixed with current cyborg theory. Although theRead MoreEssay about The Great Gatsby the American Dream4402 Words   |  18 Pagesmoney, which surpassed any sense of nobility in peoples goals and motivations. To understand this presentation of the American Dream one has to first comprehend the characteristics of this Dream. The American Dream encompasses the myth of Americas birth, a myth that is defined by a familiar phrase: The New World. The establishment of the United States, the growth of the country and its power in such a short time, and the sense of success felt across the nation as a result created the conceptRead MoreGloablization4764 Words   |  20 Pagesdepictions of women were particularly debased: a maid or housekeeper. If in print, she represented the woman selling feminine hygiene products. Not until later in history did the Eurocentric vision of Black beauty infiltrate America media. During the late 60’s Diane Carroll an African American model and actress was portrayed as a middle-class widowed single mother with one child. The Diane Carroll Show portrayed a slim fair skinned, docile nurse typifying the American ‘ideal’ of African American ‘fa mily’,Read MoreMarketing and Spring Rolls12893 Words   |  52 PagesBibliography 37 8.0 Appendices 40 8.1 Questionnaire 40 8.2 Statistical analysis example 42 8.4 Boston growth share matrix 45 8.5 Ansoff Matrix 47 8.6 Daloon Portofolio 47 8.7 Social Contract 49 8.8 Log book 50 Executive summary Daloon A/S, henceforth just Daloon, was formed in 1960 with the name of Van’s Product by the founder Sai-Chiu Van. Mr. Van started his business in his private cellar where he produced spring rolls that he later sold in Tivoli garden in Copenhagen. In 1964 theRead MorePostmodernism in Literature5514 Words   |  23 Pagessubjectivism, turning from external reality to examine inner states of consciousness, in many cases drawing on modernist examples in the stream of consciousness styles of Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, or explorative poems like The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot. In addition, both modern and postmodern literature explore fragmentariness in narrative- and character-construction. The Waste Land is often cited as a means of distinguishing modern and postmodern literature. The poem is fragmentary and employs

What Are Bombardier Beetles

If youre a small bug in a big, scary world, you need to use a little creativity to keep from being squashed or eaten. Bombardier  beetles  win the prize for the most unusual defensive strategy, hands down. How Bombardier Beetles Use Chemical Defenses When threatened, bombardier beetles spray the suspected attacker with a boiling hot mixture of caustic chemicals. The predator hears a loud pop, then finds itself bathed in a cloud of toxins reaching 212 ° F (100 ° C). Even more impressive, the bombardier beetle can aim the poisonous eruption in the direction of the harasser. The beetle itself is not harmed by the fiery chemical reaction. Using two special chambers inside the abdomen, the bombardier beetle mixes potent chemicals and uses an enzymatic trigger to heat and release them. Though not strong enough to kill or seriously maim larger predators, the foul concoction does burn and stain the skin. Coupled with the sheer surprise of the counterattack, the bombardier beetles defenses prove effective against everything from hungry spiders to curious humans. Researchers Look Inside the Bombardier Beetle New research, published in the journal Science in 2015, revealed how the bombardier beetle can survive while a boiling mix of chemicals is brewing inside its abdomen. The researchers used high-speed synchrotron X-ray imaging to watch what happened inside living bombardier beetles. Using high-speed cameras that recorded the action at 2,000 frames per second, the research team was able to document exactly what happens inside a bombardier beetles abdomen as it mixes and releases its defensive spray. The X-ray images revealed a passageway between the two abdominal chambers, as well as two structures involved in the process, a valve and a membrane. As pressure increases in the bombardier beetles abdomen, the membrane expands and closes the valve. A burst of benzoquinone is released at the potential threat, relieving the pressure. The membrane relaxes, allowing the valve to open again and the next batch of chemicals to form. Researchers suspect that this method of firing chemicals, with rapid pulses instead of a steady spray, allows just enough time for the walls of the abdominal chambers to cool between shots. This likely keeps the bombardier beetle from being burned by its own defensive chemicals. What Are Bombardier Beetles? Bombardier beetles belong to the family  Carabidae, the ground beetles. Theyre surprisingly small, ranging in length from just 5 millimeters to about 13 millimeters. Bombardier beetles usually have dark elytra, but the head is often orange in contrast. Bombardier beetle larvae parasitize the pupae of whirligig beetles and pupate inside their hosts. You can find the nocturnal beetles living along muddy edges of lakes and rivers, often hiding in debris. About 48 species of bombardier beetles inhabit North America, mainly in the south. Creationism and Bombardier Beetles Creationists, who believe all organisms were made by the specific, intentional act of a divine creator, have long used the bombardier beetle as an example in their propaganda. They assert that a creature with such a complex and potentially self-destructive chemical defense system could never have evolved through natural processes. Creationist author Hazel Rue wrote a childrens book promoting this myth called Bomby, the Bombardier Beetle. Many entomologists have skewered the book for its complete lack of scientific facts. In a 2001 issue of the Coleopterists Bulletin, Brett C. Ratcliffe of the University of Nebraska reviewed Rues book: †¦the Institute for Creation Research demonstrates that brainwashing is alive and well as it continues to wage its own cold war against reason in order to replace it with superstition. In this highly disjointed little book, the target is young children, which makes the authors’ sin of deliberate ignorance even more reprehensible. Sources: How some beetles produce a scalding defensive spray, by David L. Chandler, MIT News Office, April 30, 2015. Accessed online February 3, 2017.Review of HAZEL RUE, Bomby the Bombardier Beetle, by Brett C. Ratcliffe, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, The Coleopterists Bulletin, 55(2):242. 2001. Accessed online February 3, 2017.Genus Brachinus – Bombardier Beetle, Bugguide.net. Accessed online February 3, 2017.

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The Importance of Health Information Privacy Bill of Rights

Describe the issue and its impact on the population it affects most. What arguments or facts are used in the article to support the proposed solution? What are the ethical and legal issues reported for your administrative issue? Explain the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues. If none were stated, what should have been done? Identify any proposed solutions. The article documents the diminished rights of patient privacy. Kam (2012) states that an attorney specializing in patient rights James C Pyles complained that an individual has greater privacy rights regarding the size of a shirt you purchased online than you do about information in your mental health records under the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights, issued by the White House in February 2012 Pyles consequently is pushing a forthcoming Health Information Privacy Bill of Rights that will provide patients the same degree of rights as those offered by the Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights. The author believes that the Health Information Privacy Bill of Rights, developed with the American Psychoanalytic Association, is an important addition to the healthcare institution and spherically needed right now when implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and Health Information Exchanges (HIEs) makes privacy of patient is more important than ever before. Electronic records opens us up to the possibility that millions of confidential information of patients can be simultaneouslyShow MoreRelatedThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1438 Words   |  6 Pages Over a million people live in the United States of America, and with that type of power you can bet that the country would be corrupt. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act is there to prevent such events happening. HIPAA, or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, was implemented to help serve the people and keep information safe. Originally it started out as a way t o ensure that Americans going between jobs would still be covered by their insurance companies. SinceRead MoreEssay On Helping Families In Mental Crisis1402 Words   |  6 Pagesbarred from being informed and cannot get important information about their loved one’s diagnosis, medications, and/ or future appointments through the hospital. Currently there is a bill in the House of Representatives with the intent to try to change that. The bill is called the Helping Families in Mental Crisis Act of 2016 and it is aiming to allow a limited disclosure to HIPAA and FERPA, giving physicians the ability to disclose vital information to caregivers and patient’s families without or evenRead MoreHunger-Free Kids Act of 2010709 Words   |  3 PagesMatrix Health Care Law Hunger-free Kids Act of 2010 Describe the health care law (75 to 150 words) The Hunger-free kids act is a nutrition program that provides all children with healthy food in school and to low income families. Because of this act schools are playing a larger role in children’s health. Included in this legislation other programs that focus on hunger has come into play such as: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Woman, Infants and Children (WIC), Child and AdultRead MoreMoral Reasoning For Journalists By Steve Knowlton And Bill Reader883 Words   |  4 Pagesname and story should be published in a student newspaper. It concerns sensitive details of a suicide in an area where mental health issues are abundant: a college campus. Even today, it is still taboo to discuss mental disorders and depression while newspapers either fully disclose or blanket suicides in the news. In Moral Reasoning for Journalists, Steve Knowlton and Bill Reader write that in situations involving tragedy and suffering, â€Å"the public’s need to know is implicitâ₠¬  and I agree with thisRead MoreConfidentiality in Health Care1338 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of patient confidentiality in health care setting The purpose of this assignment is to explore the importance of patient confidentiality. This assignment will define and discuss the values of confidentiality in general and in mental health care setting. It will highlight its importance in individual decisions to seek health care services. Each profession that provides health care embraces confidentiality as a core principle therefore, the legal framework and ethical issues of governingRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1416 Words   |  6 PagesHistory The history of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPPA, began in 1996 when a legal mandate was issue by Congress to protect the ethical principles and confidentiality of patient information (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2014). Prior to this legislation, employees were not protected between jobs. Waste, fraud and abuse in health insurance and healthcare delivery was prevalent. The need to protect the rights of the patient was needed but also the Act contained passagesRead MoreFederalism Is The Division Of Powers Between A Central Government And Regional Governments1480 Words   |  6 Pagesscopes of authority. The Fourth Amendment protects the right of the people against unreasonable searches and seizures†. The Fourth Amendment, spoke to the importance of federalism as a mechanism to secure liberty for the American people. State courts would be responsible for determining if the searches were conducted with reasonableness, giving the government the clos est to the people the most say in such matters. Regarding privacy rights there have been positive and negative impacts throughoutRead MoreHipaa Compliance And Technology Use Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesHIPAA compliance and technology use: In 1996 when Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted HIPAA compliance and the use of technology was not given that much importance as it is today. Only small percentage of people owned mobile phones twenty years ago which didn t have a lot of capabilities of communicating except the basic text messaging. Twenty years later the mobile device technology is much advanced and has much more capabilities and much faster than imaginedRead MoreHippa Violation1569 Words   |  7 PagesSection 04 - Medical Law and Ethics class. HIPPA Violation – Privacy Rule Thesis: Preventing violations of the HIPAA Privacy Rule greatly impacts any health care professional, specifically patient information as it relates to a pharmacy and its entire staff. Ever wonder what the acronym HIPAA stands for, how it relates to health care professionals, as well as you, the patient? Violations of the HIPAA Privacy rule greatly impacts health care professionals, specifically those working in a pharmacyRead MoreHipaa, Health Insurance And Portability Act Of 19961577 Words   |  7 PagesHIPAA (Health Insurance and Portability Act of 1996), outlines rules, regulations and the rights of patients to access their healthcare information such as notifications of privacy practices, copying and viewing medical records, and amendments. This paper explains why confidentiality is important today and discusses recourses patients can use if they believe their privacy has been violated. This paper will also discuss criminal and civil penalties’ that can occur for breaking HIPAA privacy rules

Study Guide for French Revolution Free Essays

Study Guide for French Revolution * Brinton’s model of a revolution: * Symptomatic Phase- all social classes are unhappy (peasants are scared of change, bourgeoisie want change) * Moderate Phase- revolution begins in hopes of control (radicals feel like there isn’t ENOUGH change) * Radical Phase- a strong men from a radical group gains and assumes power * Convalescence Phase- revolution has a setback; moderate groups regain power * Estates: First Estate: Clergy (less than 1% of population) * Upper Clergy: noble by birth/bishops * Lower Clergy: peasant class/priests * Second Estate: Nobility (less than 2% of population) * Privileged class * Absolute monarch would cause them to lose power * Third Estate: Common People (97% of population) * They pay all the taxes for the country * Includes the bourgeoisie, urban workers, peasants and serfs * Sans-culottes: radical lower class workers Louis XVI: King of France during the revolution; he was slow to make decisions about the r evolution * Marie Antoinette: France disliked her from the minute she married Louis XVI because she was Austrian and did not have a child for the first 7 or 8 years, and disregarded the struggle the public was going through * Old Regime: the social and political system before the revolution began * Cahiers- nobility Estates-General: under the Old Regime there was a legislative assembly with representatives from each estate; this system is very unfair because the 1st and 2nd estates would usually agree with one another and the third estate (which was obviously much larger than the other estates) was left in the dust; Louis XVI called them together when he heard about the revolution * Abbe Sieyes: a priest that wrote a pamphlet about the 3rd estate, which created the revolution to some extent because it made the third estate think about how little power they have; also this pamphlet helped the Old Regime urn into the National Assembly * National Assembly: the new legislative system in which the amount of representatives from the third estate was doubled, but the voting didn’t change (so in the end it helped with nothing) * Tennis Court Oath: Louis XVI locks the National Assembly out of their meeting spot at Versailles, so they go to an inside tennis court that’s near; the National Assembly took an oath saying that they would not separate, but reassemble whenever certain situations required a reorganization, at least until the constitution of France was created * The Bastille: July 14th, 1789;a large group of people bombarded the royal prison; it was a symbol of tyranny * The Great Fear: riots and violence spread to the countryside of France; people went on a rampage because they were afraid the king was forming an army and was going to attack them; National Assembly takes action to keep things in order * The Law of the Fourth of August: National Assembly abolishes feudalism (on paper, but in reality it doesn’t actually stop) * Emigres: Frenc h term meaning someone who has left/migrated out of the country * Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: influenced by Rousseau; not a radical document; only benefit wealthy men * â€Å"Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity†: French motto March of the Women to Versailles: the goal was to bring the King back to Paris, so people could speak to him about important situations whenever they wanted * Civil Constitution of the Clergy: a law created that made the State have control of Church; priests were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the revolution * Olympe de Gouges- a girondist woman who created the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, which was after the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was created * Jacobins- the most radical group that wanted Paris to be the center of government; represented interests of sans-culottes * Girondists- another radical group that favored decentralized government; feared sans-culottes * Legislative Assembly: National Assembly vo ted themselves out of existence and created this new assembly; it lacked experience because there was a rule that said anyone from the National Assembly couldn’t be in the Legislative Assembly * The Marseillaise- France National Anthem; also it is an area in France * Flight to Varennes: the royal family tried to escape and flee to Austria to live with Marie’s family; unfortunately they were caught ecause common people knew Louis XVI’s face from the currency (money) in France; after this people saw Louis as a traitor * National Convention: the NEW government of France during the Reign of Terror (radical phase of the revolution) * Robespierre- radical Jacobin; dictator of the Radical Phase; led the Committee of Public Safety * Committee of Public Safety: a radical group that tried to eliminate anyone who was against the revolution; killed them using the guillotine * Danton- led/roused up the sans-culottes; Robespierre eventually executed him * Jean Paul Marat- bit ter, angry newspaper writer, who took his anger out on the revolution; killed by the girondist, Charlotte Corday * Universal manhood suffrage- every man can vote, class doesn’t matter * Reign of Terror- period of time (during the radical phase) were there was a lot of violence stirred up by conflicts between the Jacobins and the Girondists; over 25,000 people were killed * Republic of Virtue- Robespierre tried to create this as part of the de-Christianization in France * Guillotine- an enlightened, democratic, and humane way to kill people; it was equal for everyone and someone’s class didn’t change the way they were killed * Levee en Masse- a law that said that everyone should someone support the revolution; men could fight in battles, old men could sell things; and women could be nurses for the injured men * Directory- government of France after the Reign of Terror; very corrupt; their only success was creating a better army by increasing patriotism; people wh o were originally involved in the Reign of Terror were now being attacked in what is known as the â€Å"White Terror†; they revived Catholicism; ruled by rich bourgeoisie * Napoleon Bonaparte: short, but extraordinarily energetic man from the island of Corsica, who believed he was destined to do great. In order to succeed and get what he wanted, he would do anything (Machiavellian). He created a new government: consulate. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide for French Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now He tricked people into voting for him by making it seem like it was a democracy when he was going to dictate the country anyway; declared himself Emperor and crowned himself as a symbol of true power; he made sure that there was no freedom of speech for citizens and he restored Catholic Church * Josephine de Beauharnais: Napoleon’s first wife * Coup de’ etat: French term for overthrowing something * Plebiscite: everyone votes for something and someone simply counts to see how many greed or disagreed (very democratic) * Napoleonic Code: legal code that Napoleon created and brought everywhere; based on old Roman law and influenced modern day French law * Continental System: main goal was to hurt Great Britain economically, but it backfired on Napoleon * Duke of Wellington: the man who defeated Napoleon in his last battle (Battle of Waterloo) * Peninsular War: fought Portugal * Guerilla Warfare: hide and ambush * Russian campaign: on June 24th, 1812, Napoleon ignores the advice from his advisors and invades Russia; the weather randomly turned winter-like plus the unfamiliar size of Russia helped defeat Napoleon * Scorched-earth policy: Russians would burn everything in their path to create hardship for their enemies * Elba: an island that Napoleon was exiled to * Hundred Days: Napoleon came back to France after he was exiled, Louis XVIII was afraid so he fled, Napoleon was in control for 100 days * St. Helena: the second island Napoleon was exiled to; he died there * Klemens von Metternich: the Prince of Austria; also the President of the Congress * Congress of Vienna: a meeting in Austria; nobles who were in the Congress wanted everything to just go back to the way it was before the Revolution, which was reactionary * Balance of Power- a new diplomatic system that created an equal amount of power for different sections of government * Lord Castlereagh- British representative in the Congress of Vienna * Talleyrand- French representative in the Congress of Vienna * Principles of Peace Statement: * Legitimacy- if someone was legitimate or not, so they could rule * Compensation- something, typically money, awarded to someone as to make amends for loss, injury, or suffering * German Confederation- the Congress of Vienna voted to destroy the Holy Roman Empire and create the German Confederation, taking hundreds of miniscule states and creating 15 main states within the association How to cite Study Guide for French Revolution, Essay examples

Down Syndrome An Informative Essay Example For Students

Down Syndrome: An Informative Essay Down Syndrome is the name for babies born with a disorder related to their chromosomes. It is caused when meiosis occurs and an error occurs in the cells development. The reason for this defect is often because the parent is over 40 or for some other reason their meiosis is not Up to par. The actual defect is an extra chromosome is developed during cell development. The abnormal development results in 47 chromosomes rather than the usual 46 (23 from each parent). This extra gene causes problems in the childs physical and mental development. There are an estimated 5000 babies with Down Syndrome born in America every single year. While the chances of having a Down Syndrome baby are slim, (1 in 1000) it is still an issue that to-be parents should discuss and prepare for. People with Down Syndrome are identified by many physicalcharacteristics. Some of these are: larger or almond shaped eyes (sometimesBrushfield spots on the irises), smaller than normal features, such as smallerears or a smaller nose, short stubby fingers, a single palmar crease on theirhands, and having exceptional social intelligence. Because Down Syndrome is cause by a cell abnormality during meiosis, itcan not really be proven that Down Syndrome is hereditary. A perfectly healthymother could have a Down Syndrome baby even though there was never any sign ofthe disorder in her pedigree. There are however, three different kinds of DownSyndrome. 95% of Down Syndrome babies have Trisomy 21. This is the presence ofextra genetic material on the 21st pair of chromosomes. Around 4% have what iscalled Translocation. This is where the extra chromosome 21 decided to breakaway and attach itself to another chromosome. The last 1% is made up of thosewith Mosaicism. This is where some cells have Trisomy 21 while others do not. There is no cure for Down Syndrome. There is also not way to prevent it. Once faced with the fact you have a Down Syndrome baby however, the baby willneed various kinds of checks and treatment to help it live. Down Syndrome babieshave a very high rate of congenital heart defects. In fact 30% to 50% have thesedefects. An endocardiogram is a way to check babies for any signs of defect andstart the child on treatment. Down Syndrome babies also require more effort andtime in teaching them things because they learn at a much slower rate. In the case that I find out I am going to be the father of a DownSyndrome child, I would keep the child even though it would be very hard on meand my wife. Even though our child would not be the next Einstein or even close,a life is a life regardless of its intelligence and I would do my best to guidemy new-born child through life.

Book Review the Forgotten War by Clay Blair free essay sample

Blair’s book explains the placement, objective, and every command level decision. Generally summarizing the Korean War as in Blair’s Forgotten War – At the end of World War II the western half of the world (the Capitalist side) and the eastern half of the world (the Communist side) divided the Korean peninsula into two nations, the northern half communist and the southern half American occupied and capitalist. The two nations were divided at the 38th parallel. The Korean War itself began when the communist North Koreans invaded their South Korean neighbors by advancing over the 38th parallel boundary, on the 28th of June 1951 when the North Korean army, using Russian equipment and advisors, had conquered much of South Korea, a poorly equipped and poorly led U. S. Army came to the rescue of the South Koreans. President Truman had basically stripped the U. S. Army’s equipment and manpower down to nothing for budget reasons, believing that his military advisors spoiled, dumb, and â€Å"big spenders†, (sparing no expense to win a battle). Truman believed that he could do better than any military official. General Douglas MacArthur, on whom Blair spares no criticism, had been overseeing the occupation of Japan, and was a decorated general during WWII in the Pacific theater, he was the obvious choice to be appointed commander of the U. S. forces which were to hold back the North Korean army at Pusan – the tip of the Korean peninsula. MacArthur was in command of the U. S. 8th Army, which Truman had stripped down into 4 divisions, and was only an occupational force in Japan, participating in almost no training. Although Korea was not an essential objective to the military strategy of the United States during the Cold War, politically the Western half of the world wanted to show that its forces would not allow the expansion of their political enemy, the communists. The U. S. , U. N. , and South Korean armies had their backs against the wall near the sea at Pusan; MacArthur schemed a reckless, but very lucky, surprise amphibious assault on the South Korean port city of Inchon, n the Asan bay of Korea just a few miles east of Seoul . With this miracle assault’s success the army commanded by MacArthur swiftly annihilated the North Koreans and obtained Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. According to Blair, MacArthur’s ego got in the way of his victory; he was not content with his quick, easy, and lucky victory over the communist forces. General MacArthur then foolishly invaded North Korea and pushed the communists to the highest points of their country. Believing that the Capitalist armies might use North Korea for strategic advancements on their country the communist Chinese defensively sent their own military force over the Yalu River, the northern border between China and the Koreas. Upon meeting the opposing U. S. army the Chinese attacked and began to push their greatly outnumbered enemies. The numbers and morale of the now losing American 8th Army quickly disintegrated as they were pushed back into South Korea. Only after the incompetent General Douglas MacArthur was fired from his position and appointment of Blair’s hero Lieutenant General Matthew Bunker Ridgway as commander of the United States’ forces did the war begin to again favor the Americans and troop morale improve. The mistaken President Truman wished for a cheap, swift war and political popularity, his top General, MacArthur continually went against the U. S. president’s orders, and spoke out against the way the war was being fought. Truman relieved the popular general of his position. This was a very bad political move for the President. Lieutenant General Ridgway took command of the American forces as MacArthur’s successor. Now under new management, the Western forces stopped the communist advance a small way into North Korea with defensive positions using a few invasions as a defensive tactic. With the two opposing forces at a standstill peace negotiations dragged on for months. The negotiations improved only after Eisenhower was elected president. In July 1953 an Armistice was signed at Panmunjom that put a hold to the Korean War, even though many people say the Korean War was the United States’ first loss it could still be viewed as a success, simply because the non-communist South Koreans kept their freedom. This, of course, excludes a large amount of criticism and is only a summary of events in The Forgotten War. Blair is an extremely critical author. His views in the book toward the leadership of the United States military and government are extremely negative. Blair finds faults in almost all division and corps commanders, especially General Almond (Who was the 10th Corps commander and originally MacArthur’s chief of staff) , President Truman and General MacArthur. The author has an unwavering admiration for Lieutenant General Ridgway, Blair sees Ridgway as a great hero of the Korean War. The author is excessively critical of all command positions in the Korean War, leaning either one side or another in a dire way everyone in Blair’s book is either a saintly, competent, war hero or a lying, drunk, arrogant, sack of crap. The first person Blair attack is President Truman. Blair blames Truman’s dislike for military personnel, specifically graduates of West Point, for his heedlessness of their advice. In The Forgotten War, President Truman believes that West Pointers are arrogant and incompetent, which for the most part Blair thinks likewise, and that they recklessly spend the governments money, ignorant of the fact that it might be needed elsewhere, this, of course, Blair disagrees with. The President’s disrespect and negligence of his top military advisors led to many problems during the war. One of the biggest was the fact that Truman cut funds to the military for equipment and weapons; the President took one of the most powerful and mobile military forces in the world and stripped it bare. For example Task Force Smith, led by Lieutenant Colonel Charles Smith, consisted of two, lightly armed companies. Task Force Smith was equipped with – other than their standard rifles – four recoilless 75-mm rifles, four 60-mm mortars, four 4. -inch mortars, six 105-mm artillery (with only six rounds), and ten obsolete 2. 36 bazooka rocket launchers, which were ineffective against tanks, as compared to the latter distributes 3. 5-inch rocket launchers. Although the author attacks many military officials he does praise a few, particularly the Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway. After MacArthur’s firing, Lt. Gen. Ridgway forged the beaten down United St ates Army into a force capable of defending the South Koreans. Ridgway quickly saved the day and held off the communists just above the 38th parallel. Blair’s admiration of Ridgway does not get in the way of his criticism, though. The author attacks Ridgway in his decisions during the long negotiations with the Chinese and North Koreans, but in no way is this criticism as terrible as it is for everyone else in the book. Blair himself writes very well. The author does have a tendency to repeat himself, though. He particularly uses sentences starting with â€Å"inasmuch as† or something similar. The book itself, intimidates the novice historian with its size and scope. In reality Blair could have summed up a large amount of his book into half as much as he wrote. But then again, if one wanted a highly opinionated, critical and in-depth explanation of events in the Korean War, Clay Blair’s The Forgotten War is definitely the right book. The author did his homework, though. In The Forgotten War one can find the exact placement of any military unit at any given time during the war. Blair is specific and detailed in his description of U. S. military operations, though he lacks in the area of common, trench-level, soldiers, or their weapons, and the opposing communist side. This lack of action leaves the book a little dry as it is mostly about command level decisions and who made them. A particularly annoying thing about Blair’s writing is that he commonly gave too much information about a particular person; he basically wrote a small life story, and a critical essay about every officer associated with the Korean War. The book seems less like a story about â€Å"The Forgotten War† and more about every single officer in the US military between 1950 and 1953. With the exception of being long and a little boring, Clay Blair’s book is an excellent source of knowledge about the Korean War. The author writes clearly and specifically. He is very critical but with a vast amount of data to back it up. Blair wrote his book with exceptional research and vast knowledge of the American influence in the Koreas.

Wretched misery Essay Example For Students

Wretched misery Essay Loneliness is by far the most painful emotion experienced in the novel. With reference to at least two characters show how this is reflected within the novel? In Frankenstein, all of the key characters experience loneliness, this shows that it exists for a variety of reasons. This indicates its significance in the novel and exhibits the numerous reasons through the happenings of the central characters. When Mary Shelley was young, she felt alone as a child, as did two of her characters, Walton and the monster. However, it must be acknowledged that society imposed isolation on the monster and because of Victors actions whereas it was self inflicted with Walton. Through certain devices, Shelley presents the agony of a character and compels us to sympathize as she explores the effects, both physical and emotional, of dissociation. The circular structure that Frankenstein was written in aids us to understand the outcome of burdened misery of being companionless. Walton begins the novel with a series of letters to his sister, Mrs. We will write a custom essay on Wretched misery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sarville, as he attempts to keep in contact with the people he loves and cares for. Since his position on the ship is of a high rank, this leaves Walton feeling friendless as there is a distance among him and the other members of his crew. However, the reader must recognize that this was done through Waltons own choice, for his passion of finding a land never before imprinted by the foot of man and ideals. The letters also provide minor characters with a voice and give the reader an insight to what the character feels. As we witness no response from Mrs. Sarville, we can only assume this is done because Shelley tries to show that women of this era could not respond with thoughts of their own as it was a male dominated world. This also builds up our sympathy for Walton. I have no friend and I desire the company of a man are short simple sentences which repeat and expose the idea of isolation, however, from background knowledge mentioned in the letter, it is understood that Walton is self educated and has always had a life of solitude. Through hyperbole, Shelley encourages our sympathy for Walton. When Victor enters Waltons life, it is shown that Walton believes that Victor and he have distinct similar qualities and also believes that he will befriend Victor, therefore justifying his over reaction to this interesting guest upon his boat. Another character that experiences desolation is the monster which Victor Frankenstein created. However, society rejects him because of his grotesque appearance, although it is seen because of Victor choosing to abandon his creation, that he is imposed upon a life of wretched misery. From the beginning of chapter eleven, the monster narrates and tells Victor what has happened since the day of Victors abandonment. Certain terminology that the monster uses makes us believe that he is utterly tormented by his hideous appearance and the thought of his accursed creator angers him. This is also revealed through the use of exclamation marks, short phrases such as seizing and save and protect me! when asking De Lacey to accept and protect him. The readers benefit from the circular structure of the novel as we have an insight to the monsters feelings during his narration. As we see, he is a victim of isolation because of Victor. The monster has a time where he learns from Felix and his family, and longed to join them but dared not. This cultivates more sympathy for the monster as we now witness the monsters sensitive side as the monster realizes he inflicted pain upon the cottagers and attempted to aid them by collecting a sufficient amount of wood for the consumption of several days. Both Walton and the monster experience loneliness, Shelley presents this in a multiple ways which expose the reader to all the characters experiences of forlornness and signals of desperation.

Patron and Patronize

Patron and Patronize Patron and Patronize Patron and Patronize By Maeve Maddox Someone in my Facebook feed posted this about an aging celebrity who has recently published a book: â€Å"Don’t buy her books and don’t patron her movies.† I’d never seen patron used as a verb. Patronize is the verb commonly used to mean: â€Å"to frequent or support as a customer.† For example: I have patronized The Brown Derby since its inception and have always found the food to be second-to-none. A Web search turned up many examples of the unconventional use of patron in this sense. Here are two examples: The owner is very racist and I REFUSE to patron this place.   My wife and  I refuse to patron movie  theaters on Thanksgiving or Christmas.   Not surprisingly, the most common source of this nonstandard use of patron is social media. What did surprise me is that I found patron used as a verb in some British news sources. It was, however, used in the context of a well-known person agreeing to act as spokesman for a nonprofit enterprise: Lambeth Palace told The Times: â€Å"Since taking office in March this year, the Archbishop has received many kind invitations to patron a large variety of charities and good causes. –The Telegraph. Celebrity Piers Morgan to patron cat rescue centre –Bristol Post The prince has also agreed to patron Daresbury’s sister site at Harwell, Oxfordshire. –Runcorn and Widnes Weekly News. The noun patron derives from pater, the Latin word for father. In Latin society, a patron was a protector, someone who looked after the well-being of a former slave or other dependent. The feminine form was patrona. (A matrona was simply â€Å"a married woman.†) The earliest documentation in the OED of the verb patronize to mean, â€Å"to act as a patron towards† is dated 1593. The use of patron with this meaning has three 17th century citations, and one by Dickens in the 19th. (The use by Dickens is probably meant to be humorous: â€Å"Why am I to be Patroned and Patronessed as if the Patrons and Patronesses treated me?†) The first modern citation for patron used as a verb to mean â€Å"act as patron† is dated 1954, and this use is still rare even in Britain. In my unscientific browsing of British newspapers, I found that constructions like â€Å"agreed to serve as patron† outnumber constructions like â€Å"agreed to patron.† In addition to its meanings of â€Å"protection and support,† patronize has acquired a negative connotation. Human nature being what it is, the beneficial act of patronizing a good cause is often accompanied by an overt attitude that the donor is superior to the recipient. As a result, â€Å"to patronize† has become a synonym for â€Å"to condescend.† condescend (verb): to assume an air of superiority (as to one inferior or less fortunate) Here are some examples of patronize in this sense: How do you feel when people patronize your religion? Candidate In Iowa Makes Patronizing Offensive Comments About Women Voters Dont patronize me, she  said  heatedly. Im not one of your witless lady friends. Patron as a verb meaning, â€Å"serve as a spokesperson for a worthy cause† may catch on. Such use would serve to distinguish the act of serving as a spokesman from the less altruistic meanings of patronize. On the other hand, patronize is just one of many English words that have different meanings according to context. It’s the sort of thing one is expected to learn in English class. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives 30 Baseball Idioms30 Nautical Expressions

Federal courts jurisdiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal courts jurisdiction - Essay Example (United States v. Lopez, 1995) This was a landmark case in that it established the supremacy of the Federal Courts over state courts and jurisdiction within individual states. However, the end result of the case was that the charges by the federal government were dismissed and in a statement by Judge Rehnquist the reasoning was that it was time to step in and check the powers of the federal government by defining the powers between the federal government and the individual state. The prosecutions argument rested the use of the Interstate Commerce Act, this act specifically being designed to prevent unfair business practices by shifting regulatory abilities from the state governments to that of the federal government. (Interstate Commerce Act, 1887) The case was upheld by a decision of 5-4 and helped define what was allowed directly by the Interstate Commerce Act. Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist made it clear that this incident was not something that should be allowed under the Commer ce Act however, further stated that this decision was not meant to change prior decisions in regards to the Commerce Act. The decision was meant only to limit the current scope of the Federal Government in regards to incidents occurring within each individual state. The decision clarified the separation of power that exists between the individual states and that of the Federal Government.

Journal Article Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Article Critique - Assignment Example o establish whether the authors arrived at a valid conclusion given the elements of research that were used (participants, methods, measurement principles, and secondary sources of information). The participants of the study were composed of 101 employees of a Korean construction company and a quantitative method of research was used to validate the hypotheses that were noted (Raile, Kim, Choi, Serota, & Lee, 2008). The hypotheses were clearly stated as each measure of centrality was being determined in terms of its link to job satisfaction in the Korean workplace. This is therefore consistent with Keyton’s (2006) discussion on assessing hypotheses (Chapter 3). Further, as the variables were clearly established, a regression analysis effectively validated the significant relationships to the chosen variables, as computed and revealed in the results. As also required, issues of reliability and validity, as discussed by Keyton (2006) were noted and resolved. A discussion on limitations of the study clearly noted lack of sample and data for workplace friendship networks within the Korean setting. Therefore, as recommended, future research could address the limitations b y increasing the sample size and by applying the study in other work setting using diverse cultural orientations. The authors validly arrived at a conclusive evidence that there is a link between closeness and job satisfaction using the components of quantitative method effectively with verifiable and credible

Alcohol Consumption Interventions

Alcohol Consumption Interventions To investigate how interventions may work we will look at the effects of alcohol consumption on individuals and populations, and draw attention to the search for policies that protect health, prevent health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and disability, and address the social problems associated with the misuse of alcohol consumption. What alcohol policy is why it is needed, which interventions are effective, how policy is made, and how scientific evidence can inform the policy-making process? Also looking at why the higher the average amount of alcohol consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society. We will access the policy responses that are considered to reduce alcohol consumption: alcohol taxation, legislative controls on alcohol availability, and age restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, school-based education, community action programs, and treatment interventions. Considering the influence of environments that people live in, effects of cultures and social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol. The value of population thinking in alcohol policy, and its ability to identify health risks and suggest appropriate interventions comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their effectiveness, and the ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new research results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of public health. One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertising and marketing of alcohol products by the drinks industry. The extent and the nature of alcohol marketing will be examined to illustrate its effects on consumption, cultures and social norms. We will show that more evidence is needed to progress education as a viable intervention. Showing evidence that the majority of the population, alter their damaging drinking through the phenomenon of spontaneous remission, maturing out or self change. It is good practice to learn from the past to plan for the future, the control of alcohol production, distribution, and consumption, has been around for thousands of years, such as requiring that all wine be diluted with water before being sold, these were devised by monarchs, governments, and the clergy to prevent alcohol-related problems. But it was not until the rise of modern medicine and the emergence of the world Temperance Movement in the 19th century that alcohol policy was first seen as a potential instrument of public health. Between 1914 and 1921, laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all or most forms of beverage alcohol were adopted in the United States, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Finland, and Russia (Paulson 1973). Most of these laws were repealed during the 1920s and 1930s, and replaced by less extreme regulatory policies. To view alcohol policies through the narrowly focused perspective of prohibition, however, is to ignore the fact that most policy-making during the past century has been incremental, deliberate, and respectful of peoples right to drink in moderation.: Alcohol control policies in public health perspective (Bruun et al. 1975), Sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the monograph drew attention to the preventable nature of alcohol problems and to the role of national governments and international agencies in the formulation of rational and effective alcohol policies. Alcohol control policies stimulated a heated debate not just among academics, but also among policy-makers. The most significant aspect of the book was its main thesis: the higher the average amount of alcohol consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society. Consequently, one way to prevent alcohol problems is through policies directed at the reduction of average alcohol consumption, particularly those policies that limit the availability of alcohol. In the early 1990s, a new project was commissioned by WHO to review the development of the world literature pertaining to alcohol policy. The new study produced Alcohol policy and the public good, a book that proved to be as thought-provoking as its predecessor (Edwards et al. 1994). The book concluded that public health policies on alcohol had come of age because of the strong evidential underpinnings derived from the scientific research that had grown in breadth and sophistication since 1975. After reviewing the evidence on taxation of alcohol, restrictions on alcohol availability, drinking and driving countermeasures, school-based education, community action programs, and treatment interventions, it was concluded that: The research establishes beyond doubt that public health measures of proven effectiveness are available to serve the public good by reducing the widespread costs and pain related to alcohol use. To that end, it is appropriate to deploy responses that influence both the total amount of alcohol consumed by a population and the high-risk contexts and drinking behaviours that are so often associated with alcohol-related problems. During the past decade there have been major improvements in the way alcohol problems are studied in relation to alcohol policies. With the growth of the knowledge base and the maturation of alcohol science, there is now a real opportunity to invest in evidence-based alcohol policies as an instrument of public health. In 1994, Edwards and his colleagues provided a broader view of alcohol policy, considering it as a public health response dictated in part by national and historical concerns. Though there was not an explicit definition of the nature of alcohol policy, its meaning could be inferred from the wealth of policy responses that were considered: alcohol taxation, legislative controls on alcohol availability, and age restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, and school-based education, to name a few. Public policies are authoritative decisions made by governments through laws, rules, and regulations (Longest 1998). The word authoritative indicates that the decisions come from the legitimate scope of legislators and other public interest group officials, not from private industry or related advocacy groups. Based on their nature and purpose, alcohol polices can be classified into two categories: allocative and regulatory (Longest 1998). Allocative policies are intended to provide a net benefit to a distinct group or type of organization (sometimes at the expense of other groups or organizations) in order to achieve some public objective. The provision of treatment for alcohol-dependent persons is an example of a policy that seeks to reduce the harm caused by alcohol or to increase access to services for certain population groups. In contrast to allocative policies, regulatory policies seek to influence the actions, behaviours, and decisions of others through direct control of individuals or organizations. Economic regulation through price controls and taxation is often applied to alcoholic beverages to reduce demand and to generate tax revenues. Laws that impose a minimum purchasing age and limit hours of sale have long been used to restrict access to alcohol for reasons of health and safety. From the perspective of this paper, the central purpose of alcohol interventions is to serve the interests of public health and social well-being through their impact on health and social determinants, such as drinking patterns, the drinking environment, and the health services available to treat problem drinkers. Drinking patterns and behaviours that lead to intoxication, which leads to accidents, injuries, and violence. Similarly, drinking patterns that promote frequent and heavy alcohol consumption are associated with chronic health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and depression. Alcohol is causally related to more than 60 International Classification of Diseases codes (Rehm, Room, Graham, and others 2003); disease outcomes are among the most important alcohol-related problems. 4 percent of the global burden of disease is attributable to alcohol, or about as much death and disability globally as is attributable to tobacco and hypertension (Ezzati and others 2002; WHO 2002). The conclusions for alcohol policy are the same, whether alcohol is the sole causal factor for or consequence, a causal factor among many others or a factor mediating the influence of another causal factor. In all cases alcohol contributes to social burden, and public policy must strive to reduce this burden, as well as the alcohol-related burden of disease. While there may be some offsetting psychological benefits from drinking (Peele and Brodsky 2000), from the point of view of minimizing the social harm from drinking, the general conclusion is that the lower the consumption, the better. The environmental determinants of alcohol-related harm include the physical availability of the product, the social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol (e.g., as a beverage, as an intoxicant, as a medicine), and the economic incentives that promote its use. Health and social policies that influence the availability of alcohol, the social circumstances of its use, and its retail price are likely to reduce the harm caused by alcohol in a society. Overall, the conclusion must be that alcohol consumption levels affect the health of a population as a whole. In addition to this, the predominant pattern of drinking in a population can have a major influence on the extent of damage from alcohol consumption. Patterns that seem to add to the damage are drinking to intoxication, and recurrent binge drinking. Another important determinant of health in relation to alcohol is the availability of and access to health services, particularly those designed to deal with alcohol dependence and alcohol-related disabilities. Alcohol-related health services can be preventive, acute, and rehabilitative, and can be either voluntary or coercive. Health policies have a major impact on the alcohol treatment and preventive services available in people within a country through health care financing and the organization of the health care system. Bondy S.J. (1996) Public health is concerned with the management and prevention of diseases and injuries in human populations. Unlike clinical medicine, which focuses on the care and cure of disease in individual cases, public health deals with groups of individuals, called populations. The value of population thinking in alcohol policy is in its ability to identify health risks and suggest appropriate interventions that are most likely to benefit the greatest number of people. The concept of population is based on the assumption that groups of individuals exhibit certain commonalities by virtue of their shared characteristics (e.g., gender), shared environment (e.g., towns, countries) or shared occupations (e.g., alcoholic beverage service workers) that increase their risk of disease and disability, including alcohol-related problems (Fos and Fine 2000). They also provide epidemiological data to monitor trends, design better interventions, and evaluate programs and services. In the context of the public good served by effective alcohol policy refers to those things that benefit most for a given society. One such public good would be effective intervention that would reduce alcohol related harm. Just as the eradication of malaria or (HIV) infections globally are seen as global public goods (Smith et al 2003). By locating alcohol policy within the realm of public health and social policy, rather than economics, criminal justice, or social welfare, Authorities tend to approach alcohol as a major determinant of ill health. Health is viewed not only as the absence of disease and injury, but also as a state in which the biological, psychological, and social functioning of a person are maximized in everyday life (Brook and McGlynn 1991). The way in which health is defined and valued within a society has important implications for alcohol policy. If it is defined narrowly as the absence of disease, then the focus is often placed on the treatment of alcohol dependence and the clinical management of alcohol-related disabilities, such as cirrhosis of the liver and traumatic injuries. If health is defined more broadly, then alcohol policy can be directed at proactive interventions that help many more people attain optimal levels of health. Health is influenced by a variety of factors, including the physical, social, and economic environments that people live in, and by their genetic make-up, their personal lifestyles, and the health services that they have access to. An attempt is made to synthesize what is known about evidence-based interventions that can be translated into policy. By comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their effectiveness, scientific support, generalism, and cost, it becomes possible to evaluate the relative appropriateness of different strategies, both alone and in combination, to present problems and future needs. As the scientific basis for alcohol policy begins to take shape, it is becoming apparent that there is no single definitive, much less politically acceptable, approach to the prevention of alcohol problems; a combination of strategies and policies is needed. If this realization is sobering, so too is the conviction, argued in this paper, that alcohol policy is an ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new research results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of public health. It will require extraordinary measures, some of them relatively painless to implement, others more demanding in terms of resources, ingenuity, and public support. Another important factor is the social norms of a society where there are important differences in the cultural meaning of drinking for men and women. Societies normative expectations regarding the use of alcohol vary across age groups and between men and women. In some societies, drinking has been almost exclusively a province of men (Roizen 1981), In many societies, abstention rates increase in the later stages of life for both men and woman (Demers et al. 2001; Taylor et al. 2007). This reflects social norms as older people are not suppose to get intoxicated and party as is common amongst young people. Most societies use taxation of alcoholic beverages to bring in revenue in larger or smaller quantities to relevant budgets. Alcoholic beverages are, by any reckoning, important, economically. The benefits connected with the production, sale, and use of alcohol come at an enormous cost to society. Public health specialists and policy-makers who forget this fact do so only at their peril (Edwards and Holder 2000). Also social customs and economic interests should not blind us to the fact that alcohol is a toxic substance. It has the potential to adversely affect nearly every organ and system of the body. No other commodity sold for ingestion, not even tobacco, has such wide-ranging adverse physical effects. Taking account of alcohols potential for toxicity is therefore an important task for public health policy. Especially the past decade, it can be said that remarkable progress was made in the scientific understanding of alcohols harmful effects, as scientists discovered biological, chemical, and psychological explanations for humans propensity to consume what has been called the ambiguous molecule (Edwards 2000). One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertising and marketing of alcohol products by the drinks industry. The extent and the nature of alcohol marketing have changed globally in the last decade, and the research has also expanded considerably to better understand its effects. Most of the new research is directed to the measurement of the impact of marketing on youth. More is now known about the effects of marketing on younger peoples beliefs and intentions to drink as well as on their drinking behaviour. Research has investigated the impact of marketing other than the broadcast and print media advertising, although some of the new media and marketing approaches being used by the alcohol industry remain unmeasured and under-researched. The first examination is the current state of alcohol marketing and what is known about the way in which marketing has its impact. Second, two different policy approaches codes of content and restrictions to reduce exposure are assessed for their likely impact on consumption and harm. Interventions that change exposure to advertising have often been limited and evaluations have mixed findings. More effort has gone into the establishment of codes aimed to affect the content of the advertising. Conclusions regarding the likely effects of these approaches can be made based on theoretical understanding and empirical evidence about the way in which marketing has its effects and its measured impacts. Conclusions may also be informed by research on tobacco advertising where the impacts are established and widely accepted (Lovato et al. 2004; Henriksen et al. 2008). The alcohol industry insists that they only advertise to promote their own particular brands, and that the advertising does not affect any rise in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Research and evidence shows that the commodity chain analysis highlights the importance of advertising, sponsorship and other forms of marketing to a globalized alcohol industry (Jernigan 2006). The marketing of the products and brand(s) produced is essential for the profit-making enterprise. Marketing now involves much more than advertising using traditional media outlets such as print, television, and radio. Marketing exploits the possibilities provided by the design of products. New products and packaging have been developed to meet the needs and wants of different sectors of the market (Brain 2000). Pre-mixed drinks in which spirits or beer are made more palatable by the addition of a soft drink base or fruit flavourings have expanded in sales very rapidly and have become associated in some contexts, but not all, with heavier consumption (Huckle et al. 2008b). Packaging has increased acceptability and palatability of alcoholic beverages among young people (Copeland et al. 2007; Gates et al. 2007). It utilizes a range of new media opportunities including electronic means, and a key element is the sponsorship of sporting and cultural events. The measured media (usually broadcast and print) is known to be an underestimation of the marketing effort by a factor of two to four (Anderson et al. 2009b). Marketing at the place of sale has become increasingly important with an expansion of alcohol sales into more retail outlets. This often goes hand in hand with pricing promotions. For example buy-some-get-some-free (Jones and Lynch 2007). Promotion of alcohol brands in electronic media is a major part of marketing. Advertising is also shown in cinemas and this is increasingly supplemented by product placement in movies and television. Newer forms of electronic communication such as internet networking sites e-mail and cell phones have also provided new opportunities for alcohol promotion which are popular with young people (Jernigan and OHara 2004). Sports and cultural events, particularly those with appeal to young people, are widely sponsored by alcohol brands. They also provide opportunities for direct marketing through free gifts and exclusive pourage rights (Hill and Casswell 2004). Carlsbergs sponsorship of the EURO 2004 football/soccer championship was reported to grow the brand by about 6% worldwide; Carlsberg told shareholders that its signage had appeared in the background of television sport coverage for an average of 16 minutes per game (Carlsberg 2006). Much of marketing, including that based on sponsorship, crosses national boundaries. (Breen 2008). The theology is that the first stage is liking alcohol advertisements, followed by a desire to emulate the featured characters (including those that depict the lifestyle of young adults), and then the belief expressed that acting this way will result in positive benefits (Austin et al. 2006). Much of the marketing that targets young people is driven by an understanding of the importance of alcohol consumption for identity formation. The advertising is designed to provide humour, attractive ideas, images, phrases, and other resources that are used in the process of peer-to-peer interaction as identity is formed and communicated (McCreanor et al. 2005). The longitudinal studies have been subjected to systematic reviews. The strength of the association, the consistency of the findings, the temporal relationship, the dose-response relationship and the theoretical plausibility of the effect have led to the conclusion that alcohol advertising increases the likelihood that young people will start to use alcohol and will drink more if they are already using alcohol (Jernigan 2006; Smith and Foxcroft 2009; Anderson et al 2009b). Experience with policies to restrict the negative impacts of marketing is less well developed than with other areas of alcohol policy. In part this reflects the rapid developments and financial investment in marketing and media over the last four decades and a failure of policy developments to keep abreast of marketing practices. Research has suggested that voluntary codes are subject to under-interpretation and under-enforcement (Rearck Research 1991; Saunders and Yap 1991; Sheldon 2000; Dring and Hope 2001; Jones et al. 2008); including a bias in favour of the corporations represented on the decision-making board (Marin Institute 2008a). There are also documented cases of the instability of such voluntary codes in response to changing market conditions (Martin et al. 2002; Hill and Casswell 2004). Following the introduction of a co-regulatory approach in the UK, in which a government agency was delegated the handling of broadcast complaints to the Advertising Standards Authority (funded by the Alcohol industry), a code change was introduced. Research demonstrated that advertisements continued to contain attributes that appealed to young people and the data showed a link between exposure to advertisements and consumption of specific beverages (Gunter et al. 2008). This substantial body of research has shown that, even if alcohol marketing remains in line with codes on alcohol advertising content, it nevertheless encourages drinking and has an impact on younger peoples beliefs and alcohol consumption levels. A recent analysis of self-regulation by the alcohol industry in the UK concluded it was not an effective driver of change towards good practice (KPMG 2008b). Overall there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of industry self-regulatory codes, either as a means of limiting advertisements deemed unacceptable or as a way of limiting alcohol consumption (Booth et al 2008). Research has also suggested that the effects of marketing on beliefs about alcohol counteract any possible effect from health promotion activities (Wallack 1983; Centre on Alcohol Marketing and Youth 2003). Recipients, who bring their own cultural and social experiences to their interpretation of the marketing, may perceive heavy drinking or intoxication as represented within the advertising even when it is not shown directly (Duff 2003; McCreanor et al 2008). This is particularly likely to have an impact on efforts to reduce heavier drinking as a cultural norm. Direct effect on exposed individuals is not the only concern which underpins restrictions on marketing, however. It is possible that widespread marketing, which promotes alcohol as a positive and commonplace element of everyday life, has an impact on social norms around alcohol which may, in turn, affect the acceptability of more restrictive policies and practice. In effect, marketing is a force for ensuring that alcohol is dealt with as if it were an ordinary commodity (Casswell 1997). There is clearly a need for an independent review of the evidence, with a view to impose restrictions that can meet public health goals. In some jurisdictions there are restrictions, typically by regulation, on exposure to alcohol marketing by media type, beverage type, time of broadcast or composition of media audiences (particularly of younger people). Most research has focused on exposure of young people to the measured media. This varies by country. In the USA, young people aged 15-26 years on average reported seeing the equivalent of almost 360 advertisements per year, the majority on television. Restrictions imposed by agreement among industry actors are inherently unstable. In the context of the EU and other trade agreements, they may be subject to legal attack as an illegal restraint of trade. They may also be easily breached or dropped. The effect of partial bans was also reported not to have affected consumption in seventeen countries over 26 years (Nelson 2008a), in a study with material that included at least fifteen consequential changes in bans. A comprehensive regulation of alcohol marketing, and one which has maintained political support for more than a decade, one of the key elements of the Loi Evin (relevant to the need to control the current ongoing proliferation of marketing approaches) is that advertising of alcohol is prohibited in all media unless the law provides for an exemption; there is a complete ban on sponsorship and on advertising in many media, including television and cinema. Such advertising regulation has been challenged. However, restrictions on alcohol advertising to meet public health goals have been upheld by the courts, although sometimes with some modification. However, the findings of an effect of exposure to marketing put the question of controls on advertising high on the policy agenda. The extent to which effective restrictions would reduce consumption and related harm in younger age groups must remain somewhat of an open question. The most probable scenario, based on the theoretical and empirical evidence available, is that extensive restriction of marketing would have an impact. The evidence suggests there can be other effective restrictions other than advertising, strategies such as availability can have an effect studies of restriction on alcohol availability support the conclusion that such strategies can contribute to the reduction of alcohol problems. The best available evidence comes from studies of changes in retail availability, including reduction in hours and days of sale, limits on the number of outlets and restriction on retail access to alcohol. For young people, laws that raise the minimum legal drinking age reduce alcohol sales and problems. This strategy has the strongest empirical support (Shults et al 2001; Wagenaar and Toomey 2002), with dozens of studies finding substantial impact on traffic and other casualties from change of the drinking age. The cost of raising the drinking age is low, and as the evidence shows that in the USA they estimated that thousands of lives have been saved over the last decade (Wagenaar et al. 1998). A WHO analysis of the relative cost of a restricted access option estimated that Saturday closing would have considerable societal benefits in most parts of the world, though that would still be less than the result from a substantial price rise in alcohol via taxation.(Chisholm et al. 2006; Anderson et al. 2009a) This provides evidence that regulations backed up with enforcement can be effective in reducing alcohol consumption and problems; this is also used to force all sellers to hold a specific license to sell alcohol beverages, if there is any sales infringements the license can be suspended or revoked. As well as restrictions and regulation strategies, measures to reduce the harm in drinking situations are thus a useful option in the mix of strategies for preventing, alcohol-related problems. The less the political process is willing to support general alcohol control and tax measures the more important local harm reduction measures become. Alcohol policies are primarily the concern of local, regional, and national governments, which often view the provision of treatment as part of a comprehensive approach to alcohol-related problems. In addition to its value in the reduction of human suffering, treatment can be considered as a form of prevention. When it occurs soon after the onset of alcohol problems, it is called secondary prevention; when it is initiated to control the damage associated with chronic drinking, it is called tertiary prevention. As one of the first societal responses to alcohol problems, treatment interventions have not been critically examined as policy options, despite the resources they consume and the scientific evidence that is available concerning their effectiveness and costs. To what extent are alcohol treatment and early intervention services effective in reducing population rates of alcohol-related harm? Other questions relevant to treatment policy include the following: Should people with these conditions be managed within the general health care system, specialized addiction services, social welfare agencies, psychiatric facilities, the criminal justice system, or a combination of these entities? What is the optimal amount and best combination of services needed to serve the needs of a country or a geographic area? What kinds of treatment systems are best suited to prevent the marginalization of people with chronic alcohol problems? How can treatment services best be organized to provide the most effective treatment at the lowest cost? Treatment for alcohol problems typically involves a set of services, ranging from diagnostic assessment to therapeutic interventions and continuing care. Researchers have identified more than 40 therapeutic approaches, called treatment modalities, which have been evaluated by means of randomized clinical trials (Miller et al. 1995). Examples include motivational counselling, relapse prevention training, marital and family therapy, aversion therapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy, pharmacotherapy, and interventions based on the Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. These modalities are delivered in a variety of settings, including residential facilities, psychiatric and general hospital settings, outpatient programmes, and primary care. More recently, treatment services in some countries have been organized into systems that are defined by linkages between different facilities and levels of care, and by the extent of integration with other types of services, such as mental health, drug dependence treatment, and mutual help organizations (Klingemann et al. 1993; Klingemann and Klingemann 1999). Most treatment research and the scientific evidence derived from it are component-based, focusing on a single intervention or episode of care. In general, the research, evidence can be organized according to three types of intervention within the emerging treatment systems of countries where information on efficacy and effectiveness is available, interventions for non-dependent high-risk drinkers, formal treatment) for problem drinking and alcohol dependence, and mutual help interventions. Harmful drinking typically precedes the development of alcohol dependence, and by definition it can cause serious medical and psychological: problems in the absence of dependence. With the increased interest in clinical preventive services in both developed and developing countries, early intervention programmes have been developed by WHO and national agencies to facilitate the management of harmful drinking in primary health care and other settings Interven